International aviation guidelines suggest complete avoidance of ash-contaminated airspace due to its hazardous impact on aircrafts and jet engines. In 2010, however, the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano memorably demonstrated the limits of this ...

Reykjavík mótaðist, líkt og íslensk menning og búseta, í nánu samspili við höfuðskepnurnar jörð, vatn, loft og eld. Fáar nútímaborgir njóta þessa nána samspils við náttúruna en það er einmitt þetta atriði sem ljær Reykjavík hve mest af fegurð sinni og ...

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is an established methodology that can provide decision-makers with comprehensive data on the environmental impacts of products and processes during the entire life cycle. However, the literature on building LCAs consists ...

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by tourism have been studied from several perspectives, but few studies exist that include all direct and indirect emissions, particularly those from aviation. In this study, an input/output-based hybrid ...

The first commercial aquaponics companies are starting up in Europe. The main focus has been on solving technology issues and optimizing production. However, increasing attention is now being paid to certification and regulations linked to aquaponics, ...

This study presents a comparison of the life cycle carbon emission (LCCO2) and embodied energy calculation between two kinds of bricks, sun-dried and fired clay, as means of evaluating the energy and climate impact of each brick type and the economics ...

The Icelandic economy has transitioned from being dependent on fishing and agriculture to having tourism and refined aluminum as its main exports. Nevertheless, the new main industries still rely on the country's natural resources, as the power intensive ...

Human economic activities and following carbon emissions have been recognized to be a real threat to the environment. The current levels of consumption-based carbon footprints in all developed economies grossly exceed the sustainable level. Scientists ...

Buildings are the key components of urban areas and society as a complex system. Traditionally, the emissions embodied in construction materials have not been considered important, in comparison with impacts from the energy use when it comes to mitigating ...