Review of Thermal Management Techniques for Prismatic Li-Ion Batteries

Abstract

This review presents a comprehensive analysis of battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) for prismatic lithium-ion cells, focusing on air and liquid cooling, heat pipes, phase change materials (PCMs), and hybrid solutions. Prismatic cells are increasingly favored in electric vehicles and energy storage applications due to their high energy content, efficient space utilization, and improved thermal management capabilities. We evaluate the effectiveness, advantages, and challenges of each thermal management technique, emphasizing their impact on performance, safety, and the lifespan of prismatic Li-ion batteries. The analysis reveals that while traditional air and liquid cooling methods remain widely used, 80% of the 21 real-world BTMS samples mentioned in this review employ liquid cooling. However, emerging technologies such as PCM and hybrid systems offer superior thermal regulation, particularly in high-power applications. However, both PCM and hybrid systems come with significant challenges; PCM systems are limited by their low thermal conductivity and material melting points. While hybrid systems face complexity, cost, and potential reliability concerns due to their multiple components nature. This review underscores the need for continued research into advanced BTMSs to optimize energy efficiency, safety, and longevity for prismatic cells in electric vehicle applications and beyond.