Early-life risk factors, such as family disruption, maltreatment, and poverty, can negatively impact children's scholastic abilities; however, most previous studies have relied on cross-sectional designs and retrospective measurement. This study ...

Adolescent substance use-the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other harmful drugs-remains a persistent global problem and has presented ongoing challenges for public health authorities and society. In response to the high rates of adolescent substance ...

Research on the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) on scholastic achievement in the offspring has shown conflicting findings. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of MSDP on scholastic achievement in a birth cohort of ...