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Renewal of threat expectancy in an online contextual avoidance paradigm
(2024-11) Zuj, Daniel V.; Cameron, Gemma; Quigley, Martyn; Dymond, Simon; Department of Psychology
Extinction of fear and avoidance is not permanent and can return following contextual changes (termed renewal). The aim of the current study was to investigate the renewal of avoidance, threat expectancy, and fear ratings in an online avoidance task administered during the COVID-19 pandemic. One-hundred and two participants completed a task consisting of habituation, threat conditioning, avoidance conditioning, extinction with response prevention, and renewal. Tests for renewal occurred either in the original conditioning context (ABA, n = 52) or the extinction context (ABB, n = 50). Images of a quiet and a busy street served as relevant contexts. Renewal was evident whereby the ABA group showed a significant increase in threat expectancy when tested in the conditioning context, which had not been extinguished. This effect was not found for avoidance or fear ratings, nor for the ABB group who underwent the renewal test in the extinction context. The current study demonstrated differential renewal of threat expectancy in an online contextual avoidance paradigm.
Verk
Exposure and connectedness to natural environments : An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
(2024-11) Swami, Viren; White, Mathew P.; Voracek, Martin; Tran, Ulrich S.; Aavik, Toivo; Ranjbar, Hamed Abdollahpour; Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju; Afhami, Reza; Ahmed, Oli; Aimé, Annie; Akel, Marwan; Al Halbusi, Hussam; Alexias, George; Ali, Khawla F.; Alp-Dal, Nursel; Alsalhani, Anas B.; Álvarez-Solas, Sara; Soares Amaral, Ana Carolina; Andrianto, Sonny; Aspden, Trefor; Argyrides, Marios; Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R.; Atkin, Stephen; Ayandele, Olusola; Baceviciene, Migle; Bahbouh, Radvan; Ballesio, Andrea; Barron, David; Bellard, Ashleigh; Bender, Sóley Sesselja; Beydaǧ, Kerime Derya; Birovljević, Gorana; Blackburn, Marie Ève; Borja-Alvarez, Teresita; Borowiec, Joanna; Bozogáňová, Miroslava; Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid; Browning, Matthew H.E.M.; Brytek-Matera, Anna; Burakova, Marina; Çakır-Koçak, Yeliz; Camacho, Pablo; Camilleri, Vittorio Emanuele; Cazzato, Valentina; Cerea, Silvia; Chaiwutikornwanich, Apitchaya; Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin; Chambers, Tim; Chen, Qing Wei; Chen, Xin; Chien, Chin Lung; Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit; Choompunuch, Bovornpot; Compte, Emilio J.; Corrigan, Jennifer; Cosmas, Getrude; Cowden, Richard G.; Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila; Czub, Marcin; Roberto da Silva, Wanderson; Dadfar, Mahboubeh; Dalley, Simon E.; Dany, Lionel; Datu, Jesus Alfonso D.; Berbert de Carvalho, Pedro Henrique; Lins de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel; De Jesus, Avila Odia S.; Debbabi, Sonia Harzallah; Dhakal, Sandesh; Di Bernardo, Francesca; Dimitrova, Donka D.; Dion, Jacinthe; Dixson, Barnaby; Donofrio, Stacey M.; Drysch, Marius; Du, Hongfei; Dzhambov, Angel M.; El-Jor, Claire; Enea, Violeta; Eskin, Mehmet; Farbod, Farinaz; Farrugia, Lorleen; Fian, Leonie; Fisher, Maryanne L.; Folwarczny, Michał; Frederick, David A.; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew; Furnham, Adrian; García, Antonio Alías; Geller, Shulamit; Ghisi, Marta; Ghorbani, Alireza; Gomez Martinez, Maria Angeles; Gradidge, Sarah; Graf, Sylvie; Grano, Caterina; Gyene, Gyöngyvér; Hallit, Souheil; Hamdan, Motasem; Handelzalts, Jonathan E.; Hanel, Paul H.P.; Hawks, Steven R.; Hekmati, Issa; Helmy, Mai; Hill, Tetiana; Hina, Farah; Holenweger, Geraldine; Hřebíčková, Martina; Ijabadeniyi, Olasupo Augustine; Imam, Asma; İnce, Başak; Irrazabal, Natalia; Jankauskiene, Rasa; Jiang, Ding Yu; Jiménez-Borja, Micaela; Jiménez-Borja, Verónica; Johnson, Evan M.; Jovanović, Veljko; Jović, Marija; Jović, Marko; Pereira Junqueira, Alessandra Costa; Kahle, Lisa Marie; Kantanista, Adam; Karakiraz, Ahmet; Karkin, Ayşe Nur; Kasten, Erich; Khatib, Salam; Khieowan, Nuannut; Kimong, Patricia Joseph; Kiropoulos, Litza; Knittel, Joshua; Kohli, Neena; Koprivnik, Mirjam; Kospakov, Aituar; Król-Zielińska, Magdalena; Krug, Isabel; Kuan, Garry; Kueh, Yee Cheng; Kujan, Omar; Kukić, Miljana; Kumar, Sanjay; Kumar, Vipul; Lamba, Nishtha; Lauri, Mary Anne; Laus, Maria Fernanda; LeBlanc, Liza April; Lee, Hyejoo J.; Lipowska, Małgorzata; Lipowski, Mariusz; Lombardo, Caterina; Lukács, Andrea; Maïano, Christophe; Malik, Sadia; Manjary, Mandar; Baldó, Lidia Márquez; Martinez-Banfi, Martha; Massar, Karlijn; Matera, Camilla; McAnirlin, Olivia; Mebarak, Moisés Roberto; Mechri, Anwar; Filgueiras Meireles, Juliana Fernandes; Mesko, Norbert; Mills, Jacqueline; Miyairi, Maya; Modi, Ritu; Modrzejewska, Adriana; Modrzejewska, Justyna; Mulgrew, Kate E.; Myers, Taryn A.; Namatame, Hikari; Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria; Nerini, Amanda; Neto, Félix; Neto, Joana; Neves, Angela Nogueira; Ng, Siu Kuen; Nithiya, Devi; O, Jiaqing; Obeid, Sahar; Oda-Montecinos, Camila; Olapegba, Peter Olamakinde; Olonisakin, Tosin Tunrayo; Omar, Salma Samir; Örlygsdóttir, Brynja; Özsoy, Emrah; Otterbring, Tobias; Pahl, Sabine; Panasiti, Maria Serena; Park, Yonguk; Patwary, Muhammad Mainuddin; Pethö, Tatiana; Petrova, Nadezhda; Pietschnig, Jakob; Pourmahmoud, Sadaf; Prabhu, Vishnunarayan Girishan; Poštuvan, Vita; Prokop, Pavol; Ramseyer Winter, Virginia L.; Razmus, Magdalena; Ru, Taotao; Rupar, Mirjana; Sahlan, Reza N.; Hassan, Mohammad Salah; Šalov, Anđela; Sapkota, Saphal; Sarfo, Jacob Owusu; Sawamiya, Yoko; Schaefer, Katrin; Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael; Seekis, Veya; Selvi, Kerim; Sharifi, Mehdi; Shrivastava, Anita; Siddique, Rumana Ferdousi; Sigurdsson, Valdimar; Silkane, Vineta; Šimunić, Ana; Singh, Govind; Slezáčková, Alena; Sundgot-Borgen, Christine; Hoor, Gill Ten; Tevichapong, Passagorn; Tipandjan, Arun; Todd, Jennifer; Togas, Constantinos; Tonini, Fernando; Tovar-Castro, Juan Camilo; Jepsen Trangsrud, Lise Katrine; Tripathi, Pankaj; Tudorel, Otilia; Tylka, Tracy L.; Uyzbayeva, Anar; Vally, Zahir; Vanags, Edmunds; Vega, Luis Diego; Vicente-Arruebarrena, Aitor; Vidal-Mollón, Jose; Vilar, Roosevelt; Villegas, Hyxia; Vintilă, Mona; Wallner, Christoph; Whitebridge, Simon; Windhager, Sonja; Wong, Kah Yan; Yau, Eric Kenson; Yamamiya, Yuko; Lan Yeung, Victoria Wai; Zanetti, Marcelo Callegari; Zawisza, Magdalena; Zeeni, Nadine; Zvaríková, Martina; Stieger, Stefan; Department of Business and Economics
Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
Verk
Computing the recession cone of a convex upper image via convex projection
(2024-08) Kováčová, Gabriela; Ulus, Firdevs; Department of Engineering
It is possible to solve unbounded convex vector optimization problems (CVOPs) in two phases: (1) computing or approximating the recession cone of the upper image and (2) solving the equivalent bounded CVOP where the ordering cone is extended based on the first phase. In this paper, we consider unbounded CVOPs and propose an alternative solution methodology to compute or approximate the recession cone of the upper image. In particular, we relate the dual of the recession cone with the Lagrange dual of weighted sum scalarization problems whenever the dual problem can be written explicitly. Computing this set requires solving a convex (or polyhedral) projection problem. We show that this methodology can be applied to semidefinite, quadratic, and linear vector optimization problems and provide some numerical examples.
Verk
Sexual violence in the workplace and associated health outcomes: a nationwide, cross-sectional analysis of women in Iceland : a nationwide, cross-sectional analysis of women in Iceland
(2024-06) Jonsdottir, S. D.; Thordardottir, E. B.; Valdimarsdottir, U. A.; Halldorsdottir, T.; Gudnadottir, S. A.; Jakobsdottir, J.; Runarsdottir, H.; Tomasson, G.; Aspelund, T.; Hauksdottir, A.; Sálfræðideild
Background: Workplace sexual violence against women is a pressing global issue with scarce knowledge on its health implications. Existing research is largely limited to specific occupations, which calls for comprehensive, population-based studies. This study aimed to examine the associations between self-labelled workplace sexual violence and a variety of health outcomes in a nationally representative sample of Icelandic women aged 18–69 years. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were women in the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort who answered the question regarding workplace sexual violence, defined in our study as encompassing all work sectors, academic settings, and other school environments. Eligible participants were women, aged 18–69 years, residing in Iceland, who spoke Icelandic and were listed in the Icelandic Population Register or had a contact number registered with the online 1819 service. Poisson and binomial regressions were used to assess the associations between workplace sexual violence and validated measures of current mental and physical health outcomes (eg, probable depression, general anxiety, and severe sleep problems). Multiple imputation was performed to account for missing values in the dataset. Findings: The study was conducted from March 1, 2018, to July 1, 2019. Of the 113 814 women deemed eligible for study inclusion, 104 197 were invited to take part in the online survey. Of those invited, 30 403 women completed the survey and were included in the SAGA cohort. Among these participants, 15 812 provided answers to the question regarding exposure to workplace sexual harassment or violence. Exposure to sexual violence was associated with an increased prevalence of probable depression (prevalence ratio [PR] 1·50 [95% CI 1·41–1·60]), general anxiety (PR 1·49 [1·40–1·59]), social phobia (PR 1·62 [1·48–1·78]), self-harm (PR 1·86 [1·53–2·28]), suicidal ideation (PR 1·68 [1·44–1·68]), suicide attempts (PR 1·99 [1·62–2·44]), binge drinking (PR 1·10 [1·01–1·20]), sleep problems (PR 1·41 [1·48–1·91]), physical symptoms (PR 1·59 [1·48–1·70]), and sick leave (PR 1·20 [1·12–1·28]). The prevalence of the health outcomes among those exposed show age-related differences: younger women report anxiety or depression more frequently, while older women report sleep problems after experiencing workplace sexual violence. Interpretation: In this cross-sectional study self-reported experiences of sexual violence in the workplace were associated with several self-reported health outcomes. The findings suggest a need for targeted interventions to promote workplace safety and to mitigate adverse health implications among people who have experienced workplace sexual violence. Future research should explore factors such as the frequency, duration, and relationship dynamics of workplace sexual violence, as well as the effect on different genders and sexual orientations, to deepen our understanding of these experiences and inform effective prevention strategies. Funding: Reykjavík Energy Research Fund, The Icelandic Gender Equality Fund, European Research Council, and Icelandic Center for Research.
Verk
Reducing Intrusive Trauma Memories Using a Brief Mental Imagery Competing Task Intervention: Case Series of Trauma-Exposed Women in Iceland : Case Series of Trauma-Exposed Women in Iceland
(2026-05-15) Thorarinsdottir, Kristjana; Holmes, Emily A; Hardarson, Johann; Agustsdottir, Freyja; Kanstrup, Marie; Singh, Laura; Hauksdottir, Arna; Halldorsdottir, Thorhildur; Gudmundsdottir, Berglind; Thordardottir, Edda Bjork; Valdimarsdottir, Unnur; Bjornsson, Andri; Sálfræðideild
Background: There is a need for scalable and simple interventions for trauma-exposed people. In this case series, we built on our previous case study and case series findings and further explored the use and potential effectiveness of a brief novel intervention to reduce the number of past intrusive memories of trauma. The imagery competing task intervention consists of a memory reminder and the visuospatial task Tetris played with mental rotation, targeting 1 intrusive memory at a time. Here, we test remote delivery of the intervention, including guidance from researchers without specialist mental health training, in a sample of women in Iceland with current intrusive memories from trauma. Objective: In a case series of trauma-exposed women, we aimed to explore whether this brief novel intervention reduces the number of established intrusive memories (primary outcome) and improves general functioning and symptom reduction in posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety (secondary outcomes). The acceptability of the intervention along with adaptations, that is, delivery by psychology students without specialist mental health training and digital delivery, was explored. Methods: Participants (N=8) monitored the number of intrusive memories from an index trauma (occurring 3‐16 years previously) in a daily diary at baseline, during the intervention, and postintervention at 1-month and 3-month follow-ups. The intervention was delivered digitally with guidance from clinical psychologists or psychology students. A repeated AB design was used (“A”: preintervention baseline, “B”: intervention phase). Intrusions were targeted one by one, creating repetitions of an AB design (ie, length of baseline “A” and intervention “B” varied for each memory). Results: The number of intrusive memories reduced for all participants from the baseline phase compared with the intervention phase, although the reduction was minimal for 2 participants (6.3%‐93%). The number of intrusive memories continued to reduce for 6 out of 8 participants (58%‐100% reduction at 1-month follow-up; 72%‐100% reduction at 3-month follow-up). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety were reduced for most participants postintervention and continued to decrease during the follow-up periods. Functioning was improved for 7 of the 8 participants from baseline to postintervention and continued to improve at the follow-up assessments for 3 participants. The intervention delivered digitally and partly by students was perceived to be an acceptable way to reduce the frequency of intrusive memories by all participants (mean rating 9.5 out of 10). Conclusions: Data from this case series of traumatized women provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of this novel brief intervention in reducing intrusive memories of trauma occurring several years ago and in improving functioning and reducing core symptom burden. This study will inform a randomized controlled trial of this novel intervention, which may have considerable implications for large-scale clinical management of traumatized populations.

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