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Elements of Precedent
(Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2023-01-01) Kristjánsson, Hafsteinn Dan; Department of Law
The chapter provides a general analysis for all legal systems of the roles that precedents play in determining a legal norm according to the legal method. It argues that some precedents are ‘independent’ sources of law in the sense that they are identified by a norm of recognition (relatively) independently of how the ‘underlying source’ was treated. These precedents become sources even if they were wrongly decided according to the legal method in the jurisdiction. Common law precedents in England may be examples of this. Contrariwise, some precedents are a ‘dependent’ source of law. These precedents count as sources if a court has identified the law used to decide the case according to the legal method in the jurisdiction. A precedent that is wrongly decided is not recognized as a source of law. Perhaps this is the case in some civil law jurisdictions. The chapter argues that precedents can be sources of law even though there is no norm of change empowering a court to create law. It is enough that the precedent is identified as a source by a norm of recognition. Moreover, the chapter argues that norms of institutional decision-making, such as norms of adjudication, matter for understanding the legal effects of precedent. It suggests that stare decisis is best understood as an institutional duty imposed on particular institutions, that is courts, to follow past decisions but not a norm of recognition. This view allows for different mixtures of norms of recognition and institutional duties in different legal systems.
Verk
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ НОВОГО СЛОВАРЯ ДЕСКРИПТОРОВ ЛИЧНОСТИ С ТЕЗАУРУСОМ ЛИЧНОСТНЫХ ЧЕРТ А.Г. ШМЕЛЕВА
(2023) Kalugin, Alexey Yu; Shchebetenko, Sergei A.; Mishkevich, Arina M.; Sirotina, Ulyana E.; Vitko, Yulia S.; Sálfræðideild
We compared a new Russian dictionary of personality descriptors with the thesaurus of personality traits by Alexander Shmelev and his colleagues developed in the 1980s and 1990s. In the new dictionary, the descriptors were selected from the Open Corpus, a global Russian word collection which had included over 140,000 adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs. We utilized a “German methodology” of the word selection which comprises a three-stage process; in so doing, we consecutively yielded a full (2,384 words) and abridged (1,253 words) dictionaries of the personality descriptors, with cognate synonyms and antonyms being removed from the latter. While developing the full dictionary, we engaged groups of experts who varied in their age, sex, and expertise, in amounts from 6 to 45 experts per group. In the full dictionary, full equivalents to contents of the Shmelev’s thesaurus were found for 624 words, whereas 1,353 words present in the Shmelev’s thesaurus were excluded (the reasons for it are discussed in the paper). From the Shmelev’s thesaurus, 109 words were absent in our initial 140,000 list, whereas 629 words in our dictionaries were absent in the Shmelev’s thesaurus. Overall, the Shmelev’s thesaurus was 26.2% equal to our full dictionary and 49.8% to the abridged dictionary. These differences do not imply different findings to be potentially revealed between the dictionaries, as the content of core personality characteristics can remain the same over the dictionaries. Consequently, estimations of the global Russian personality trait structure using either dictionary could closely fit. Conversely, the methodology of including or excluding descriptors in the particular dictionary could explain why the structures of personality were different.
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Preliminary impact of the adoption of the Icelandic Prevention Model in Tarragona City, 2015–2019 : A repeated cross-sectional study
(2023) Meyers, Caine C.A.; Mann, Michael J.; Thorisdottir, Ingibjorg Eva; Ros Garcia, Patricia; Sigfusson, Jon; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Kristjansson, Alfgeir L.; Department of Psychology
Background: There is a great need for effective primary prevention intervention strategies to reduce and delay onset of adolescent substance use. The Icelandic Prevention Model (IPM) showed great success in Iceland over the past twenty plus years, however, evidence for the transferability of model is still somewhat limited. Using data collected in Tarragona during regional efforts to begin adoption of the IPM in Catalonia, this study tested the transferability and stability of the core risk and protective factor assumptions of the IPM overtime and examined trends of lifetime smoking, e-cigarette-use, alcohol-use, intoxication, and cannabis-use within the same time period. Methods: This study includes responses from 15- to 16-years-olds from two region-wide samples taken in 2015 and 2019 in Tarragona (N = 2,867). Survey questions assessed frequency of lifetime: smoking, e-cigarette-use, alcohol-use, intoxication, and cannabis-use, and the core model assumptions. Demographic data were also collected. Logistic regression models of main effects with and without time interaction were used to test assumptions and their stability across time. Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare prevalence of substance use and mean scores of primary prevention variables respectively. Results: Lifetime: smoking (−7%, p < 0.001) and cannabis-use (−4%, p < 0.001) decreased, and e-cigarette-use increased (+33%, p < 0.001) in Tarragona. Lifetime intoxication (−7%, p < 0.001) decreased in a single zone exclusively. Most core model assumptions held in their hypothesised direction across time. The strongest positive association was observed between time spent with parents during weekends and reduced odds of lifetime smoking (OR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.57–0.67) and the strongest negative association was observed between being outside after midnight and increased odds of lifetime intoxication (OR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.32–1.51). Mean scores of primary prevention variables also changed disproportionately in Tarragona. Conclusion: This study confirms that the core IPM assumptions are similar in Tarragona as in Iceland and other contexts previously examined. They also indicate that prevalence of lifetime smoking, intoxication, and cannabis-use decreased disproportionately in Tarragona between 2015 and 2019 during the first phase of regional adoption of the model. Thus, targeting model assumptions represents a viable primary prevention strategy for communities that hope to reduce smoking, alcohol-use, intoxication, and cannabis-use among adolescents.
Verk
Monitoring microseismicity of the Hengill Geothermal Field in Iceland
(2022-12) Grigoli, Francesco; Clinton, John F.; Diehl, Tobias; Kaestli, Philipp; Scarabello, Luca; Agustsdottir, Thorbjorg; Kristjansdottir, Sigridur; Magnusson, Rognvaldur; Bean, Christopher J.; Broccardo, Marco; Cesca, Simone; Dahm, Torsten; Hjorleifsdottir, Vala; Cabrera, Banu Mena; Milkereit, Claus; Nooshiri, Nima; Obermann, Anne; Racine, Roman; Rinaldi, Antonio Pio; Ritz, Vanille; Sanchez-Pastor, Pilar; Wiemer, Stefan; Department of Engineering
Induced seismicity is one of the main factors that reduces societal acceptance of deep geothermal energy exploitation activities, and felt earthquakes are the main reason for closure of geothermal projects. Implementing innovative tools for real-time monitoring and forecasting of induced seismicity was one of the aims of the recently completed COSEISMIQ project. Within this project, a temporary seismic network was deployed in the Hengill geothermal region in Iceland, the location of the nation’s two largest geothermal power plants. In this paper, we release raw continuous seismic waveforms and seismicity catalogues collected and prepared during this project. This dataset is particularly valuable since a very dense network was deployed in a seismically active region where thousand of earthquakes occur every year. For this reason, the collected dataset can be used across a broad range of research topics in seismology ranging from the development and testing of new data analysis methods to induced seismicity and seismotectonics studies.
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Association between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual disorders : a cross-sectional analysis of 11,973 women
(2022-12) Yang, Qian; Þórðardóttir, Edda Björk; Hauksdóttir, Arna; Aspelund, Thor; Jakobsdóttir, Jóhanna; Halldorsdottir, Thorhildur; Tomasson, Gunnar; Rúnarsdóttir, Harpa; Danielsdottir, Hilda Björk; Bertone-Johnson, Elizabeth R.; Sjölander, Arvid; Fang, Fang; Lu, Donghao; Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur Anna; Department of Psychology
Background: Childhood abuse and neglect have been associated with premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). However, the associations of other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the cumulative number of ACEs with PMDs remain to be explored. Methods: To evaluate the associations of the cumulative number and types of ACEs with PMDs, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis with a subsample of menstruating women within the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort, assessed for PMDs and ACEs (N=11,973). The cumulative and individual exposure of 13 types of ACEs was evaluated by a modified ACE-International Questionnaire. A modified version of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool was used to identify probable cases of PMDs, further sub-grouped into PMS and PMDD. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of PMDs in relation to varying ACEs were estimated using Poisson regression. Results: At a mean age of 34.0 years (standard deviation (SD) 9.1), 3235 (27%) met the criteria of probable PMDs, including 2501 (21%) for PMS and 734 (6%) for PMDD. The number of ACEs was linearly associated with PMDs (fully-adjusted PR 1.12 per ACE, 95% CI 1.11–1.13). Specifically, the PR for PMDs was 2.46 (95% CI 2.21–2.74) for women with 4 or more ACEs compared with women with no ACEs. A stronger association was observed for probable PMDD compared to PMS (p for difference <0.001). The associations between ACEs and PMDs were stronger among women without PTSD, anxiety, or depression, and without childhood deprivation and were stronger among women a lower level of social support (p for interaction<0.001). All types of ACEs were positively associated with PMDs (PRs ranged from 1.11 to 1.51); the associations of sexual abuse, emotional neglect, family violence, mental illness of a household member, and peer and collective violence were independent of other ACEs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that childhood adverse experiences are associated with PMDs in a dose-dependent manner. If confirmed by prospective data, our findings support the importance of early intervention for girls exposed to ACEs to minimize risks of PMDs and other morbidities in adulthood.

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