Opin vísindi
Opin vísindi er varðveislusafn vísindaefnis og doktorsritgerða í opnum aðgangi á vegum íslenskra háskóla og Landsbókasafns Íslands - Háskólabókasafns.
Opinn aðgangur að rannsóknaniðurstöðum er í samræmi við 10. gr. laga nr. 3/2003 um opinberan stuðning við vísindarannsóknir sem og kröfur innlendra og erlendra rannsóknasjóða. Markmiðið með opnum aðgangi er að niðurstöður rannsókna séu aðgengilegar sem flestum óhindrað og án endurgjalds á rafrænu formi. Vistun í varðveislusafninu er varanleg og ætlað að tryggja aðgang að vísindaefni íslenskra háskóla í opnum aðgangi um ókomna tíð. Varðveislusafnið Opin vísindi er tengt við rannsóknagáttina IRIS og rannsóknaniðurstöður í opnum aðgangi sem eru skráðar í IRIS eru um leið vistaðar og gerðar aðgengilegar til framtíðar í varðveislusafninu. Með því að safna þessu efni saman í eitt safn verður aðgangur að því einfaldur og þægilegur fyrir alla sem vilja kynna sér það og geta þannig notið þess öfluga vísindastarfs sem fram fer í háskólum landsins.
Varðveislusafnið er OpenAIRE / OpenAIREplus samhæft og samrýmist kröfum sem gerðar eru um birtingu rannsóknaniðurstaðna úr verkefnum sem styrkt eru úr evrópsku rannsóknaáætlununum FP7 og H2020.
Varðveislusafnið notar opna hugbúnaðinn DSpace.
Opinn aðgangur að rannsóknaniðurstöðum er í samræmi við 10. gr. laga nr. 3/2003 um opinberan stuðning við vísindarannsóknir sem og kröfur innlendra og erlendra rannsóknasjóða. Markmiðið með opnum aðgangi er að niðurstöður rannsókna séu aðgengilegar sem flestum óhindrað og án endurgjalds á rafrænu formi. Vistun í varðveislusafninu er varanleg og ætlað að tryggja aðgang að vísindaefni íslenskra háskóla í opnum aðgangi um ókomna tíð. Varðveislusafnið Opin vísindi er tengt við rannsóknagáttina IRIS og rannsóknaniðurstöður í opnum aðgangi sem eru skráðar í IRIS eru um leið vistaðar og gerðar aðgengilegar til framtíðar í varðveislusafninu. Með því að safna þessu efni saman í eitt safn verður aðgangur að því einfaldur og þægilegur fyrir alla sem vilja kynna sér það og geta þannig notið þess öfluga vísindastarfs sem fram fer í háskólum landsins.
Varðveislusafnið er OpenAIRE / OpenAIREplus samhæft og samrýmist kröfum sem gerðar eru um birtingu rannsóknaniðurstaðna úr verkefnum sem styrkt eru úr evrópsku rannsóknaáætlununum FP7 og H2020.
Varðveislusafnið notar opna hugbúnaðinn DSpace.
Error fetching top-level communities
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Áhrif sláttar og eitrunar á lúpínubreiður og gróðurfar : A comparison of two eradication methods for the invasive species Lupinus nootkatensis in Iceland.
(2016-07) Svavarsdóttir, Kristín; von Schmalensee, Menja; Aradóttir, Ása Lovísa; Bau, Anne; Stefánsson, Róbert A.
Útbreiðsla alaskalúpínu (Lupinus nootkatensis) hefur aukist mikið hér á landi síðustu ár og sækir hún í vaxandi mæli inn í gróið land. Vegna þessa er lúpínan flokkuð sem ágeng tegund og hafa nokkur sveitarfélög ráðist í að eyða henni eða hamla útbreiðslu hennar. Samhliða skipulegum slætti lúpínu í Stykkishólmsbæ var lögð þar út tilraun árið 2010 með það að markmiði að bera saman árangur af árlegum slætti og plöntueitri. Tilraunin var gerð í rofnu mólendi sem lúpína hafði lagt undir sig. Tilraunameðferðir voru þrjár, lúpína slegin, eitrað fyrir henni eða látin ómeðhöndluð í 100 m2 stórum reitum, fimm fyrir hverja meðferð. Árlega var lúpína slegin eða eitrað fyrir henni, og gróður mældur 2011 og 2015, einu og fimm árum eftir fyrstu aðgerðir. Árið 2011 hafði lúpína gefið verulega eftir í meðhöndluðum reitum og 2015 var þekja hennar og þéttleiki blómstrandi plantna marktækt minni en í ómeðhöndluðum reitum. Tegundaauðgi jókst marktækt í meðhöndluðum reitum milli mælinga og var árið 2015 meiri í þeim en ómeðhöndluðum reitum. Tegundasamsetning í slegnum og eitruðum reitum breyttist mikið á tímabilinu í samanburði við ómeðhöndlaða reiti. Árið 2015 voru flestar tegundir, mest þekja grasa og blómplantna og minnst af lúpínu í slegnum reitum en í eitruðum reitum var þriðjungur yfirborðs gróðursnauður og þekja grasa marktækt minni en í þeim slegnu. Það er langtímaverkefni að útrýma lúpínu og sýna niðurstöður þessarar tilraunar að til þess má nota bæði slátt og eitrun. Meiri gróðurþekja og fleiri plöntutegundir í slegnum reitum en eitruðum eftir fimm ára aðgerðir sýnir á hinn bóginn að slátturinn skilar betri árangri.
Toddler Sociality: Co-constructing the peer group through embodied interactions
(University of Iceland, School of Education, Faculty of education and pedagogy, 2025-11-27) Gunnarsdóttir, Bryndís; Amanda Bateman; Deild menntunnar og marbreytileika (HÍ); Faculty of education and pedagogy (UI); Menntavísindasvið (HÍ); School of Education (UI)
This PhD research project explores toddlers’ sociality and competence within peer interactions, focusing on their use of embodied strategies to actively participate and co-construct their peer group, create a sense of togetherness and form a ‘mutual we’. The research project was conducted in a toddler room in an early childhood education and care (ECEC) setting in Iceland and is an ethnomethodological (EM) study applying multimodal conversation analysis (CA) to examine these embodied strategies. The research offers an original contribution by challenging traditional views of toddlers as passive onlookers, demonstrating their active engagement and sophisticated social behaviours.The research project is structured around three sub-studies, each presented in a research article. The first article investigates the embodied strategies toddlers use to initiate interactions with their peers, highlighting the importance of gaze and touch as initiation strategies. The second article explores how toddlers use humour and environmental resources to initiate and sustain interactions within the peer group. The third article examines how toddlers use observation and imitation as a pre-opening in the co-construction of peer interactions. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on toddler social experiences within ECEC settings. The findings highlight their agency in shaping social relationships and peer culture. Overall, this thesis provides unique and valuable insights into the new and emerging area of toddler sociality, emphasising their active role in peer interactions and their ability to co-construct social relationships independent of adult interactional interventions.The data was collected over a 9-month period using participant observations through video recordings and field notes as the methods used. The interactions observed were transcribed according to recognised multimodal CA transcription conventions. The findings of this research underscore the value of multimodal CA as a methodological approach for studying toddlers’ interactions, providing detailed and nuanced insights into the embodied strategies toddlers use to navigate their social worlds. Ethnomethodology and multimodal conversation analysis therefore provide a robust theoretical and methodological framework for conducting this type of research and the findings of this study contribute to an original way of conceptualising toddler sociality and toddler social competence in ECEC.The findings have implications for policy and practice in early childhood education, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of toddler sociality and the importance of supporting peer interactions in ECEC settings. The findings also offer practical implications for early childhood teachers. Even though this study did not examine the role of the teachers in toddler peer interactions, by understanding the importance of embodied interactions and the sophisticated ways toddlers engage with their peers, it is my belief that teachers can better support and enhance toddler sociality and peer interactions by providing specific care and education in ECEC settings that offer support and opportunities for toddlers to interact and build a ‘mutual we’ with their peers.
The Normalization of Silencing: The Interplay between Nurses' Experience of Working Conditions and Gender Equality Ideals
(University of Iceland, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics, 2025-12-09) Þorsteinsdóttir, Klara; Ingólfur V. Gíslason; Félagsfræði-, mannfræði- og þjóðfræðideild (HÍ); Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics (UI); Félagsvísindasvið (HÍ); School of Social Sciences (UI)
Despite Iceland’s reputation as one of the most gender equal countries in the world and the idea that gender equality is an intrinsic part of Iceland’s national identity, the country’s labor market is highly gender segregated. This is particularly the case in female-dominated sectors such as education and the caring professions. As a case in point men make up about 5% of nursing staff in Iceland, which is low compared to countries with similar levels of gender equality, such as the other Nordic countries. As a female-dominated profession, nursing has long been linked to vocation and altruism, where the commitment to help and care for others is considered one of the most fundamental attributes of the professions’ identity. The feminized construct of care may be a key factor in discouraging men in Iceland from entering the nursing profession. Moreover, working conditions of nurses in Iceland have been characterized by understaffing and high rates of attrition due to work-related health problems. Considering the gender imbalance in the nursing profession, the aim of this dissertation is to explore nurses’ perceptions of the interplay between their working conditions and gender equality ideals in Iceland, focusing on power relations and occupational well-being. The dissertation is based on data collected through semi-structured interviews with 31 nurses working at the National University Hospital of Iceland, 24 women and 7 men. The interviews centered on the participants’ expectations for the job and what prompted them to become nurses. Working arrangements, the impact of working conditions on their health, communication and cooperation with colleagues and supervisors and possibilities for autonomy and professional development were also topics of discussion. In the first article the theoretical approach describes the multiple and often incompatible tasks of nurses. The other two articles draw on social constructionist and poststructuralist feminist theories. Analysis of the interviews was guided by reflexive thematic analysis, and the results were presented in three articles. The first article addresses various dimensions of power dynamics in the nurses’ work, considering the demanding working conditions, interactions and cooperation with other professions and the effects of the gender imbalance. The findings reveal that the working life of the participants is characterized by deep-rooted traditions concerning gender and roles in the hospital hierarchy. As a symbol of the power imbalances and restricted autonomy which they experience, nurses’ working space and professional boundaries are spatially and symbolically neglected by other professionals. The result is the nurses feel that their professionalism is undermined. To deliver necessary professional care, they make compromises at the expense of their own health. This sometimes borders on being unethical, while the nurses seek a balance between their professional conviction and expectations of the organization. In their opinion, attracting iv more men nurses could enhance equality and positive atmosphere. Working on wards with a balanced gender ratio is for them a liberating experience. The second article focuses on effects of gender-based stereotypes on career choices and work life of the participants, in which these stereotypes turn out to have substantial influence. The women describe how they glid ‘naturally’ into nursing while the men faced that ideas of masculinity classified them as deviant. The men also had to define for themselves the content of nursing and caring to justify their place in the profession. Stereotyping also strongly influence on-the-job experiences of woman nurses, whose work contributions and knowledge tend to be less valued than those of the men nurses due to notions that associate women with weakness and submission. The woman nurses believe that men nurses can be positive role models for them in being assertive and speak their mind when they are subjected to oppressive behavior. The third article addresses how nurses’ prior expectations for the job compare to their actual work life. The findings reveal how stereotypes about feminine submission prevail on the wards where only women nurses work. Strict rules require the nurses to stay on the ward for the entire shift, resulting in gender isolation from participating in the general space of the hospital. They experience a lack of trust and support from their superiors, and that the hospital management practices put the hospital's interests above the nurses' well-being. This experience of indifference has harmful effects for nurses, their clients and many parts of society. It is a major cause of nurses leaving work and influences their experience of discrepancy between their aspirations for the job and reality of work. Most of the female participants had found it difficult to make ends meet financially and workload had negatively affected them and their families. The results from the articles indicate that the feminization of nursing as subservient helps explain the associated gender imbalance and disempowerment nurses experience at work. Attracting more men nurses could enhance gender equality but may prove difficult due to gendered stereotypes of nurses. It is also a task that requires extensive societal discussion on the power of stereotyping and the definition of gender equality. Considering the nurses' poor working conditions, hospital management must revise the occupational policy and qualification requirements of managers and supervisors. The situation may be different in other nurses’ workplaces. In this dissertation, my assumptions are that a profession’s gender equality status must be understood/examined in the context of working conditions, health protection, professional recognition, autonomy and respect. The findings indicate that the participants experience unhealthy working conditions and a lack of support from their supervisors and the hospital management. Strong hierarchical power, sustained by stereotypical essentialist ideas, limits nurses’ professional recognition. The findings also indicate that the feminization of nursing disempowers women nurses and deters men from entering the nursing profession. It can therefore be concluded that the participants do not enjoy the rights and conditions that are prerequisites for gender equality.
Geochemical Characteristics, Geothermal Heat Flux Distribution and Sustainable Yield Assessment of Geothermal Reservoirs in Shandong, China
(University of Iceland, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences, 2025-11-17) Zheng, Tingting; Guðni Axelsson; Jarðvísindadeild (HÍ); Faculty of Earth Sciences (UI); Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ); School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI)
Shandong, one of China's most populous provinces, faces growing pressure to shift to carbon-neutral energy to mitigate climate change. Situated on the eastern margin of the North China Craton, it has a tectono-magmatic history that favours extensive geothermal resources. This thesis presents an integrated geoscientific investigation into two representative geothermal system types in Shandong Province: (1) convective geothermal systems hosted in intrusive rock that feature active natural recharge and discharge through permeable fractures and faults, located in the Shandong Peninsula; and (2) conductive geothermal systems hosted in sandstone, with limited natural recharge, in the Dezhou area. Geochemical and isotopic analyses of geothermal waters from the Shandong Peninsula indicate a predominantly meteoric origin, variably modified by seawater mixing, water–rock interaction or mineral salt leaching, and shallow groundwater mixing. Reservoir temperatures are estimated to range from 70 to 160°C. Two geothermal system types are identified: (1) deep (~2–5 km) circulation systems associated with major fault zones, with higher reservoir temperatures and isotopic signatures of mixed “old” and modern waters; and (2) shallow circulation systems controlled by minor fractures, displaying minimal water–rock interaction and local seawater influence. Further geothermal exploration in the Shandong Peninsula may be feasible through deeper boreholes targeting higher temperature waters. In Dezhou, the Guantao Formation sandstone reservoir is evaluated through a combination of long-term monitoring, reinjection experiments, lumped parameter modelling and volumetric energy balance calculations. The results indicate that a reinjection rate of 90 percent can help sustain a total yield for the area of approximately 1300 L/s during the heating season and average 500 L/s annually, while satisfying constraints on maximum water level depth and minimal thermal breakthrough risk over a 100-year time frame. These results highlight the critical importance of effective reinjection and sustainable management in maintaining reservoir performance in closed sedimentary geothermal systems. Heat-flux mapping across both regions, yields estimated values ranging from 40 to 200 mW/m² and values for most sites clustering between 60 and 80 mW/m². Superimposed high-flux anomalies, that commonly exceed 100 mW/m², are examined in detail to delineate their spatial distribution and controlling mechanisms, including elevated basal heat input and deep-large fault-focused convective upflow. The outcome of this research contributes to a strategic framework for future geothermal exploration and development, particularly targeting deeper and higher-temperature resources in structurally favourable zones.
Growth and characterization of Mn-based magnetic MAX phases: The quest for room temperature ferromagnetism
(University of Iceland, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, 2025) Thorsteinsson, Einar Baldur; Friðrik Magnus; Raunvísindadeild (HÍ); Faculty of Physical Sciences (UI); Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ); School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI)
MAX fasar eru fjöldskylda af atómlagskiptum efnum, með efnaformúluna Mn+1AXn, þar sem algengasta útgáfan er M2AX. Hefðbundin samsetning er með hliðarmálmi (M), frumefni úr A-hópi (A), og annað hvort kolefni eða nitri (X) og í M2AX fasa raða frumefnin sér í aðgreind atómlög í röðinni M-A-M-X-M-A-M-X. Á undarförnum árum hefur úrval frumefna sem geta verið í hverju sæti aukist samhliða því að nýjar efnasamsetningar hafa uppgötvast. Í þessari ritgerð verður MAX fasinn Mn2GaC notaður sem grunnur til að útvíkka í aðrar samsetningar með því að skipta út mangani (Mn) fyrir króm (Cr), járn (Fe) og skandín (Sc). Markmiðið er að rannsaka seguleiginleika þessara nýju MAX fasa. Seguleiginleikar einkristallaðra Mn2GaC húða á MgO(111) undirlagi eru rannsakaðir sérstaklega við lág hitastig. Við sjáum að seglun við 5 T svið breytist aðeins lítilega með hitastigi, gagnstætt við áður birtar vísindagreinar. Ástæðan fyrir þessum mismun er ófullnægandi frádráttur á ólínulega bakgrunninum frá MgO undirlögunum. Mælingar á segulmisáttun í tveimur Mn2GaC sýnum með mismunandi kristalstefnum sýna að (000l) kristalplönin eru auðseglandi. Skandín er svo notað til að breyta efnisuppröðuninni frá stöðluðum MAX fasa, yfir í svo kallaðan i-MAX fasa, sem hefur kagome atómuppröðun í plani sýnisins til viðbótar við lagskiptinguna. Þessi uppröðun myndast ef 1/3 af Mn er skipt út fyrir Sc, sem gefur efnajöfnuna (Mn2/3Sc1/3 )2GaC. Þessar húðir eru ræktaðar sem einkristallar á MgO(111), Al2O3 (0001) og SiC-4H(001) undirlög, þar sem SiC gefur bestu gæðin á kristalnum. Seguleiginleikar þessa fasa eru rannsakaðir og niðurstaðan er að hann er andjárnsegull. Með því að skipta út Mn fyrir Cr til að mynda (Mn1−xCrx)2GaC með x ≤ 0,29, þá fæst töluverð járnseglandi svörun við stofuhita, og Curie hitastig sem nær upp í 489 K. Sterkasta merkið fæst við x = 0,12, með 370 kA/m mettunarseglun, 176 kA/m segulleif, og afseglunarsvið upp á 16,8 mT við stofuhita. Þetta er í fyrsta skipti sem sterk járnseglandi svörun fæst við eða yfir stofuhita í MAX fasa, sem markar stór tímamót. (Mn1−xCrx)2GaC húðirnar voru ræktaðar bæði sem einkristallar á MgO(111) undirlög og fjölkristallar á Si/SiO2 undirlög, sem bæði skila svipuðum seguleiginleikum. Þetta opnar á frekari möguleika til hagnýtingar á seglandi MAX fösum. Rannsóknir á efnablöndunni (Mn1−xFex)2GaC, með 0,05 ≤ x ≤ 0,38, sýna að Fe virðist fara inn í MAX fasann samkvæmt röntgenmælingum. Aftur á móti kemur í ljós að jafnvel fyrir minnsta magnið x = 0,05, þá myndast antiperovskite fasinn (Mn1−xFex)3GaC. Með því að bæta við Cr og mynda (Mn1−x−yFexCry)2GaC, þá eykst stöðugleiki MAX fasans, sem gefur nánast fasahrein sýni með x = 0,11, y = 0,21 og einungis snefil af antiperovskite fasanum. Þetta sýni hafði sambærilega seguleiginleika á við sýni með Cr y = 0,29 og engu járni, en það var með aðeins lægra Curie hitastig.