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Applications of latent variable methods in primary aluminium production
(2025) Manolescu, Petre; Sævarsdóttir, Guðrún Arnbjörg; Duchesne, Carl; Department of Engineering
The aluminum industry is currently facing challenges on multiple fronts. One of them is the raw material quality and their impact on process stability. In modern aluminum smelter plants, there are increasing environmental and cost efficiency demands while raw material quality decreases. The digitalization of the manufacturing industry, dubbed Industry 4.0, opens up new avenues of exploration to meet the demands of the 21st century aluminum production. In this research, big data analytics methods were employed to determine the stability of a potline. An anomaly detection tool was built using principal component analysis. The prototype showed that drifts in process operations can be correctly identified earlier than with existing univariate statistical process control tools. The multivariate prototype was later implemented in production at Alcoa Fjardaal. Using the principal component analysis model, a ranking system was developed as the prioritization method of the problematic reduction cells. The variables’ contributions plots were used to help identify the issues in the problem cells. The model performance was assessed with the help of operators attending to the pots on the shop floor. A comparison with existing plant tools showed the potential of advanced notice of the onset of process anomalies. Through an anode tracking system, smelter data was collected to estimate the net carbon consumption (NCC) of individual anodes using latent variable methods. The properties of individual anodes were thus linked to their corresponding reduction cell performance. A multivariate statistical analysis of the linked carbon and pot operation databases, was compared to the existing net carbon consumption formula developed by R&D Carbon. The comparison demonstrated that the prediction for net carbon consumption, for individual anodes, significantly increased using the anode tracking system and latent variable methods. The anode tracking data was split into several blocks determined by manufacturing steps sequence. The impact of each block onto the net carbon consumption was determined using the sequential multi-block partial least squares algorithm. This methodology helped establish a link between green anode properties and the net carbon consumption of individual anodes.
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Technological Change in Wealth Management : The development of a conceptual CRM model for the HNWI client interaction under the consideration of AI
(2025-03) Zimmermann, Fabian; Durst, Susanne; Department of Business and Economics
The constantly developing landscape of financial technology significantly shapes the financial sector and how cooperation and individuals interact with each other in a financial setting. While the developments incrementally unfold, the magnitude of their impact is difficult to comprehend and not addressed in wealth management. Many of today’s management models, which are used in academia and business alike, fall short of incorporating the latest developments and are on the brink of becoming outdated or obsolete in the eye of artificial developments. One particular field of interest within financial services, is the wealth management area. The development in this specific field is of particular interest, as it is a human-driven field of finance in which the human aspect (relationship and trust) plays a crucial role in the client interaction. Several models exist which conceptually address the client relationship management, to grasp their complexity. These commonly used models become increasingly impacted and jeopardized by artificial intelligence which impacts the composition of their factors leading to incomplete and outdated models. This doctoral study addresses the issue by analyzing existing models, extracting the factors which hold their validity despite technological developments and incorporating new factors. Thus, proposing a contemporary and conceptual client relationship model (CRM) model enhanced by AI factors. Thereby, this research broadens the understanding of the current developments in the wealth management sector and identifies key areas of development. It offers a conceptual and contemporary CRM model factoring in AI considerations to enable practitioners and academics alike to identify areas of developments and foster a better understanding of the interconnection between the factors in the client interaction. Thereby it provides considerations on AI and uncovers the increasing interconnectivity of CRM factor models.
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Stability of EEG-Biometrics : The role of artifacts in within vs. cross session authentication
(2026) Höller, Yvonne; Bathke, Arne C.; Uhl, Andreas; Faculty of Psychology
Artifacts in the electroencephalogram (EEG) have not been investigated systematically regarding their effect on EEG biometric performance. Since artifacts vary over time, they can be expected to lower EEG biometric performance in cross session cross-validation. However, because of their presumed uniqueness, they might increase within session cross-validation performance of an EEG biometric system. We examined the EEG biometric performance of 15 features within and across 6 sessions recorded over 3 days, including 3 different cognitive conditions, before and after artifact exclusion in a sample of up to 90 individuals. Our results revealed significant effects of artifact exclusion depending on the cross-validation scenario and the feature. Overall, within session cross-validation was not systematically affected differently by artifact exclusion as compared to cross session cross-validation, but depending on the feature and the type of cognitive task employed, artifact exclusion led to better or worse results, with some frequency-dependent features performing better when artifacts were excluded. Our results emphasize the overestimation of biometric performance in within session cross-validation (with equal error rates (EERs) down to 0) as compared to cross session cross-validation (with EERs for the same feature above 30) and the low reliability of results obtained when evaluating EEG biometric performance in small samples. We recommend that future developments of EEG biometrics must test their robustness against artifacts in the data.
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Stratification and mixed layer depth around Iceland : Characterization and inter-annual variability
(2026-05-29) Ruiz-Angulo, Angel; Portela, Esther; de Marez, Charly; Macrander, Andreas; Ólafsdóttir, Sólveig Rósa; Meunier, Thomas; Jónsson, Steingrímur; Pérez-Hernández, M. Dolores; Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences
The ocean around Iceland is a key region where major water masses and currents interact, influencing the global ocean circulation. Here, we analyze 29 years (1990–2019) of quarterly hydrographic section data collected around Iceland. The hydrographic properties around Iceland show important spatial variability. Based on temperature, salinity, and stratification structure, we classified the Icelandic waters in three distinct regions: the south, the north, and northeast regions. The warm and salty Atlantic Waters that dominate the south show the deepest winter mixed layers (∼ 500 m) while the north and northeast show shallower depths (∼ 100 m). Based on the decomposition of total stratification into temperature and salinity contributions, we find that the subsurface stratification is mainly controlled by temperature in the south and by salinity in the northwest, while in the north, the North Icelandic Irminger Current and East Icelandic Current alternate seasonally, shifting the region between temperature-dominated and salinity-dominated stratification. The interannual variability of the mixed layer and of its thermohaline properties is also large around Iceland. Mixed layer waters were generally colder in the 1990's, then warmed until approximately 2015, and became colder again from 2015 to 2018. In the northeast, a multidecadal mixed layer warming trend emerges from the interannual variability as the Atlantic Water progresses northeastward, which is responsible for transforming locally the upper stratification from salinity-dominated into temperature-dominated. This is associated with the “Atlantification” of the Arctic. Within the mixed layer south of Iceland, density has continuously decreased since the mid 1990's. Elsewhere, we observe density-compensated changes in mixed layer temperature and salinity, without clear long trends. This study provides an unprecedented and detailed description of the seasonal to multi-decadal variability of the mixed layer depth and stratification around Iceland, showing links between this regional variability and changing North Atlantic under global warming.
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Strategy Implementation in Icelandic Fisheries : Obstacles, key success factors and competitive advantages
(2025-09-26) Vigfússon, Kristján Reykjalín; Jóhannsdóttir, Lára; Ólafsson, Snjólfur; Köseoğlu, Mehmet Ali; Department of Business and Economics
Strategy implementation is crucial for companies and organizations to utilize resources effectively and facilitate business results. The fishery industry is a major global sector that creates millions of jobs; globally, more than half a billion people earn their livelihoods from fishing. Fisheries also provide essential nutrition for people and serve as an important link in alleviating poverty and ensuring global food security. This doctoral thesis comprises four published academic articles examining strategy implementation in the Icelandic fishing industry, focusing on key success factors, obstacles, and competitive advantages. The thesis is situated within the broader landscape of strategic management, offering valuable insights into industry-specific conditions and strategic principles. The first article of this thesis is a systematic literature review. It exclusively analyzes empirical studies on strategy implementation. Articles two, three, and four are industry-focused case studies on the fisheries sector. These articles are drawn on both primary and secondary data. The first article of the thesis presents a comprehensive review of existing research on strategy implementation, synthesizing findings to generate new insights. The paper reviews 35 peer-reviewed articles published between 1980 and 2020. The aim is to highlight the main success factors and obstacles hindering strategy implementation while paying particular attention to existing literature gaps. The results indicate that previous research identified 16 obstacles and 18 success factors influencing strategy implementation. Furthermore, this brings forth certain dualistic factors showing that some obstacles can simultaneously be viewed as success factors and vice versa. The second article focuses on the challenges Icelandic fisheries face in implementing their strategy. The study aims to identify and understand the critical internal and external obstacles companies encounter during the strategy implementation process, as perceived by their Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). Through elite interviews with the CEOs of some of the largest fisheries companies in Iceland, the research uncovers several noteworthy findings. It reveals two previously identified internal obstacles, language barriers, and the complexities of managing a multicultural workforce. Additionally, the study identifies external obstacles not commonly documented in earlier research, including the absence of a clear governmental vision for the industry, confrontations with regulatory bodies, persistent changes in industry regulations, high levels of political uncertainty, time-consuming lobbying efforts, and often, unsupportive political and media discourse. These results have theoretical significance and deepen knowledge of strategy implementation by identifying and classifying internal and external obstacles that reduce the likelihood of successful implementation. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the fisheries challenges and provide valuable insights for policymakers and CEOs in the industry. The third article focuses on the key success factors necessary for efficient strategy implementation within the Icelandic fisheries industry. The article aims to classify and identify the main success factors that influence strategy implementation, with the secondary goal of evaluating the focus and importance of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the Icelandic fisheries industry. The article is based on interviews with the CEOs of some of the largest fisheries in Iceland. The results indicated four important areas where strategy implementation can be improved: including all employees in the implementation process; promoting innovation and communication between employees and managers; aligning company policies with the United Nations’ SDGs; and implementing action plans with clear, measurable, and prioritized goals and timelines. The findings have a theoretical contribution as the study identifies success factors of strategy implementation, enriching existing literature through a conceptual framework. In addition to the study‘s theoretical contributions, the framework provides fisheries industry practitioners with actionable insights to enhance policy implementation, improving strategic alignment and organizational performance. The fourth article investigates factors contributing to competitive advantage in Icelandic fisheries. This study is based on interviews with CEOs of some of the largest fisheries in Iceland. The findings suggest a transition from a resource-based view to a market-based view that strengthens the companies competitive advantage in the industry. These changes, however, occur gradually due to obstacles such as a lack of expertise and experience necessary to navigate the consumer market, insufficient investment within the market, and restricted growth possibilities within the Individual Transferable Quota management system. The identified future competitive advantage integrates strengths from the resource-based view with a market perspective for the industry. The theoretical contribution of the study proposes a conceptual framework showing the prospective competitive advantage of the industry. This study offers actionable insights and recommendations for CEOs and stakeholders in Icelandic and international fisheries, highlighting a shift from a resource-based view to a market-based view while underscoring the importance of internal resource integration for sustaining competitiveness. An important overall contribution to the thesis is to introduce and propose a framework that outlines a five-phase approach to strategy implementation. The framework logic aligns with widely accepted principles of strategic management. It sequentially moves from creating enabling conditions (Phase 1) to defining strategy (Phase 2), preparing for execution (Phase 3), implementing strategy (Phase 4), and sustaining accountability through monitoring (Phase 5). In addition, the findings of this thesis identify the characteristics of a future fisheries company and propose a framework that leverages internal strengths, such as management expertise, access to fishing stocks, and sustainability emphasis, alongside market-based approaches to industry growth. While aiming to provide a comprehensive perspective on strategy implementation in the fisheries industry, special emphasis is placed on industry obstacles and on the important incentives that facilitate implementation. Additionally, the development of the industry's competitive advantage is evaluated from both resource-based theory and market-based perspectives. This thesis offers valuable insights for industries reliant on natural resources, highlighting the dynamic interplay between internal resources and external market forces in shaping competitiveness. The theoretical contribution of the thesis lies in strengthening and further developing the conceptual framework of strategy implementation, with particular emphasis on organizational and institutional theories. Additionally, it advances theoretical understanding by employing the lens of resource-based theory and the market-based perspective to evaluate competitive advantage within the industry. The integration of these four articles offers practical contributions to our understanding of strategy implementation and competitive advantages, particularly within resource-dependent industries. The thesis proposes frameworks and models bridging the theoretical knowledge gap and practical implementation, offering actionable insights for industry leaders and policymakers. Keywords: Strategy, implementation, key success factors, obstacles, fishery, CEOs, competitive advantage

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