Opin vísindi
Opin vísindi er varðveislusafn vísindaefnis og doktorsritgerða í opnum aðgangi á vegum íslenskra háskóla og Landsbókasafns Íslands - Háskólabókasafns.
Opinn aðgangur að rannsóknaniðurstöðum er í samræmi við 10. gr. laga nr. 3/2003 um opinberan stuðning við vísindarannsóknir sem og kröfur innlendra og erlendra rannsóknasjóða. Markmiðið með opnum aðgangi er að niðurstöður rannsókna séu aðgengilegar sem flestum óhindrað og án endurgjalds á rafrænu formi. Vistun í varðveislusafninu er varanleg og ætlað að tryggja aðgang að vísindaefni íslenskra háskóla í opnum aðgangi um ókomna tíð. Varðveislusafnið Opin vísindi er tengt við rannsóknagáttina IRIS og rannsóknaniðurstöður í opnum aðgangi sem eru skráðar í IRIS eru um leið vistaðar og gerðar aðgengilegar til framtíðar í varðveislusafninu. Með því að safna þessu efni saman í eitt safn verður aðgangur að því einfaldur og þægilegur fyrir alla sem vilja kynna sér það og geta þannig notið þess öfluga vísindastarfs sem fram fer í háskólum landsins.
Varðveislusafnið er OpenAIRE / OpenAIREplus samhæft og samrýmist kröfum sem gerðar eru um birtingu rannsóknaniðurstaðna úr verkefnum sem styrkt eru úr evrópsku rannsóknaáætlununum FP7 og H2020.
Varðveislusafnið notar opna hugbúnaðinn DSpace.
Opinn aðgangur að rannsóknaniðurstöðum er í samræmi við 10. gr. laga nr. 3/2003 um opinberan stuðning við vísindarannsóknir sem og kröfur innlendra og erlendra rannsóknasjóða. Markmiðið með opnum aðgangi er að niðurstöður rannsókna séu aðgengilegar sem flestum óhindrað og án endurgjalds á rafrænu formi. Vistun í varðveislusafninu er varanleg og ætlað að tryggja aðgang að vísindaefni íslenskra háskóla í opnum aðgangi um ókomna tíð. Varðveislusafnið Opin vísindi er tengt við rannsóknagáttina IRIS og rannsóknaniðurstöður í opnum aðgangi sem eru skráðar í IRIS eru um leið vistaðar og gerðar aðgengilegar til framtíðar í varðveislusafninu. Með því að safna þessu efni saman í eitt safn verður aðgangur að því einfaldur og þægilegur fyrir alla sem vilja kynna sér það og geta þannig notið þess öfluga vísindastarfs sem fram fer í háskólum landsins.
Varðveislusafnið er OpenAIRE / OpenAIREplus samhæft og samrýmist kröfum sem gerðar eru um birtingu rannsóknaniðurstaðna úr verkefnum sem styrkt eru úr evrópsku rannsóknaáætlununum FP7 og H2020.
Varðveislusafnið notar opna hugbúnaðinn DSpace.
Nýlega bætt við
Research Priorities for Translating Endophenotyping of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea to the Clinic An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement
(2025-09) American Thoracic Society Assembly on Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology; Department of Engineering
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and consequences vary markedly among patients. Yet OSA heterogeneity goes largely unaddressed in current management pathways, which are characterized by high treatment failure rates of ~50%. Growing knowledge of OSA pathogenesis has stimulated new lines of investigation for therapies targeted to specific underlying mechanisms or “endotypes.” OSA endotypes include the primary anatomic predisposition to pharyngeal collapse, as well as “nonanatomic” mechanisms of low arousal threshold, unstable control of breathing (high loop gain), and impaired pharyngeal dilator muscle function. Identification of interindividual differences in OSA endotypes and disease expression, or “OSA phenotypes,” offers promise for a more targeted approach to OSA management in which appropriate treatments are tailored to individual needs. However, these concepts have largely been limited to the research setting, and more evidence is needed to support clinical translation. Goals: To outline the rationale for clinical use, challenges, and key research priorities required to translate OSA endophenotyping for delivery of a more tailored approach to improve patient care and outcomes. Methods: An international multidisciplinary working group with expertise in OSA epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, and treatments was convened. The group met at the American Thoracic Society 2024 International Conference to discuss the current state of OSA endophenotyping and required research objectives. This research statement, authored with input from all members, summarizes the group discussion, identified key areas, and research priorities. Results: The working group identified research priorities that cover the spectrum from discovery to translation/implementation, including technical standards, validation, establishment of clinical cutoffs and minimal clinically important differences, generalizability across diverse populations, stability and reproducibility of measurement, prospective study design and conduct, clinical utility, and impact analysis. Conclusions: This research statement provides a road map of the opportunities and key steps required to generate the evidence necessary to translate OSA endophenotyping concepts into clinical care at scale.
Does the release of toxic metals due to subsurface CO2 storage in basalts pose an environmental hazard?
(Elsevier, 2025-12) Clark, Deirdre E.; Galeczka, Iwona M.; Gislason, Sigurdur; Snæbjörnsdóttir, Sandra Ósk; Gunnarsson, Ingvi; Oelkers, Eric
Carbon dioxide storage through the carbonation of subsurface basaltic rocks is currently being explored to limit carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Basaltic rocks, however, contain trace and toxic metals that could potentially be mobilized by the carbonation process. This study reports the degree to which selected trace and toxic metals were mobilized during CarbFix1 and CarbFix2 projects. CarbFix1 injected 175 tons of CO2-charged water followed by 73 tons of CO2/H2S-charged water into basalts at 35 ◦C, whereas CarbFix2 continuously injected CO2/H2S-charged water into basalts at >250 ◦C. In most cases dissolved concentrations of Ba, Sr, Mo, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb in monitoring well fluids remained low. Although these fluids are not intended for human consumption, the aqueous trace element concentrations were generally below the WHO, EU, and Iceland drinking water standards, except for Fe and Mn in CarbFix1. Aluminum and As concentrations exceeded these standards during CarbFix2, but were elevated before injection. The low concentrations of most trace and toxic metals are consistent with their removal by secondary processes, particularly co-precipitation into carbonate and sulfide minerals formed during gas-water-basalt interaction. Solid precipitates recovered from CarbFix1 show strong enrichment of transition metals in calcite, consistent with natural and engineered analogues. As the two CarbFix injections bound the lower and upper temperature ranges of likely mineral carbon storage efforts, these results suggest limited risk of water contamination due to toxic and trace element release from subsurface basalts due to the injection of dissolved CO2 and H2S.
Exploring Novel Catalysts for Efficient Electroreduction of CO₂ to e-Fuels
(University of Iceland, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences, 2026-10-07) Awais, Muhammad; Younes Abghoui; Faculty of Physical Sciences (UI); Raunvísindadeild (HÍ); School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI); Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ)
Current global energy and environmental challenges can be viewed as the interaction of three connected factors: the use of fossil fuels, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and global warming. The global energy landscape remains largely dependent on fossil fuels, leading to substantial CO2 emissions and disturbing the climatic equilibrium. Nonetheless, one promising strategy for addressing this challenge is to regard CO2 as a resource, thereby converting the challenge into an opportunity for ecological restoration through the use of CO2 for the production of sustainable fuels. This approach turns CO2 into eco-friendly, value-added compounds, promoting greenhouse gas reduction and sustainable energy development. An effective solution to these limitations can possibly be addressed through chemical physics and electrochemistry, particularly through the implementation of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), which converts CO2 into several single and multi-carbon (C1/C2 products) compounds, including carbon monoxide, formic acid, methanol, methane, methanediol, ethylene, ethane, and ethanol. This process can be readily integrated with current renewable energy infrastructure, enabling the coupling of CO2 conversion with sustainable power sources and therefore storing renewable energy as chemical products. However, their practical application remains limited by the low catalytic activity, poor selectivity, and broad product distribution of conventional metal catalysts. In several instances, these catalysts primarily convert CO2 to only CO or formic acid with relative simplicity, whereas the synthesis of more reduced or multi-carbon compounds requires more energy input and often exhibits restricted efficiency. Hence, the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR) may provide essential solutions to tackle the current challenges in the field of CO2RR. Thus, this Ph.D. thesis is dedicated to the exploration of these two research directions to identify more efficient and selective reaction pathways for sustainable carbon transformation via both CO2RR and CORR.
To the best of our knowledge, this thesis presents the first systematic computational investigation of transition metal carbonitrides (TMCNs) for electrochemical CO2RR and CORR. A rigorous computational framework using density functional theory (DFT) within the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) was applied to analyze these surfaces for both CO2RR and CORR. This theoretical study examined 33 different catalytic surfaces, eleven TMCNs in (100), (111), and (110) facets, to predict their catalytic activity towards the formation of C1 and C2 products. Moreover, comprehensive computational evaluations were performed to assess the behavior of these different TMCNs in diverse electrochemical environments with pre-adsorbed CO surface coverage. The catalytic performance was investigated using the conventional and the Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanisms and over 2000 reaction pathways to identify the most thermodynamically favorable routes and predict the best TMCN candidate(s) for efficient carbon conversion and management. In the catalytic activity analysis, TMCN(110) was identified as offering the highest activity for both CO2RR and CORR via the MvK mechanism. In conventional pathways, TMCN(111) was found to be the most active for CO2RR, while TMCN(100) was the best for CORR, and TMCN(111) was inactive toward conventional CORR.
Overall, this dissertation provides a comprehensive theoretical assessment of TMCNs and offers computationally grounded predictions for their potential use in converting carbon into green fuels, thereby addressing important environmental and sustainable energy concerns.
Postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms and mother-infant bonding : A population-based cross-sectional study
(2025-09) Sigurðardóttir, Valgerður Lísa; Hákonardóttir, Guðrún Anna; Arnardóttir, Stefanía Birna; Lýðsdóttir, Linda Bára; Swift, Emma Marie; Department of Psychology
Objective: Postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms are associated with negative outcomes for women's mental health and may disrupt the development of the mother–infant bond. However, previous research has reported inconsistent findings. The aim was to examine the predictive role of postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms on mother–infant bonding 6 to 12 weeks after birth in a population-based sample. Method: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 and included 598 women 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. Postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms were measured using the City Birth Trauma Scale, and mother–infant bonding was assessed with the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between post-traumatic stress symptoms and mother–infant bonding, adjusting for maternal age, parity, mode of birth, educational level, and depressive symptoms. Results: The mean score on the City Birth Trauma Scale was 8.4, and 5.5 on the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. A total of 1.5 % of participants scored above the cut-off for significant bonding difficulties. Higher levels of postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms were significantly associated with greater bonding difficulties (B = 0.380, p < 0.005). This association remained significant after adjustment for background variables and depressive symptoms (B = 0.113, p = 0.007). Primiparity, higher educational attainment, and depressive symptoms were also significantly associated with bonding difficulties (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms negatively affect the development of the mother–infant bond. A targeted screening of post-traumatic stress symptoms and bonding difficulties is recommended, followed by appropriate support in postpartum care.
Modelling CSRBB under regulatory guidelines
(2025-09) Segal, Maxime; Kristjánsson, Kristján Rúnar; Björnsson, Björn Hrannar; Department of Engineering
The European Banking Authority (EBA) provides limited standardization for Credit Spread Risk in the Banking Book (CSRBB), delegating its assessment to individual financial institutions. This has led to significant variation in how CSRBB guidelines are interpreted and applied across the banking sector. This study investigates how to model plausible but unlikely credit spread shocks using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), hypothesizing that systemic risk dominates fluctuations across government and corporate bonds. The model aligns with EBA requirements and provides insights to strengthen risk management frameworks.
Flokkar í Opnum vísindum
Veldu flokk til að skoða.
- University of Iceland
- University of Akureyri
- Bifröst University
- Hólar University College
- IRIS
- Agricultural University of Iceland
- National and University Library of Iceland
- Iceland University of the Arts