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Nýsköpun : Getur gervigreind gert endurhæfingu skilvirkari?
(2019-06) Siggeirsdóttir, Kristín; Brynjólfsdóttir, Ragnheiður D.; Haraldsson, Sæmundur; Hjaltason, Ómar; Guðnason, Vilmundur G; Læknadeild
Eftirspurn eftir starfsendurhæfingu á Íslandi hefur aukist síðastliðin ár og aðsókn ungs fólks þar hlutfallslega mest. Miklu máli skiptir að fjármunum samfélagsins sé vel varið án þess að gæði og þjónusta skerðist. Sú spurning vaknar því hvort gervigreind geti stuðlað að aukinni skilvirkni þessa geira. Nýsköpunarverkefni um þróun, prófun og innleiðingu á gervigreindarhugbúnaðinum Völvunni var innleitt í starfsemi Janusar endurhæfingar. Spár Völvunnar gefa meðal annars vísbendingar um hvar einstaklingur gæti hugsanlega þurft aðstoð og gefa sérfræðingum tækifæri til að bregðast við og gera viðeigandi ráðstafanir í meðferð. Nákvæmni, næmi og hittni Völvunnar hefur reynst vera framúrskarandi í tveimur rannsóknum þar sem tekist hefur að koma auga á dulin mynstur í aðstæðum skjólstæðinga sem gætu haft áhrif á endurhæfingarferlið. Völvan virðist því lofa góðu sem verkfæri í einstaklingsmiðaðri endurhæfingu þar sem fólk glímir við þung og flókin vandamál. Innan Janusar endurhæfingar er verið að innleiða Völvuna sem hlutlausan teymismeðlim. Markmið greinarinnar er að kynna Völvuna og rannsóknir tengdar henni. Demand for Vocational Rehabilitation in Iceland has been steadily rising in recent years where the presence of young patients has increased proportionally the most. It is essential that public spending is efficient without compromising the treatment quality. It is worth exploring if a solution for increasing the efficiency in this healthcare section is to use Artificial Intelligence (AI). An innovative project on developing, testing, and implementing specialised AI software in its services is being performed in Janus Rehabilitation. The software, named Völvan in Icelandic, can identify latent areas of possible interest in patient's circumstances which might affect the outcome of their treatment, and assist specialists in providing timely and appropriate interventions. The accuracy, precision, and recall of its predictions have been verified in two recent publications. Völvan seems to be a promising tool for individualised rehabilitation, where patients are dealing with difficult and complex problems. Janus Rehabilitation is in the process of launching Völvan as an unbiased member of the interdisciplinary teams of specialists. The aim of this report is to introduce Völvan and the associated research.
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Oncostatin M reduces atherosclerosis development in APOE3Leiden.CETP mice and is associated with increased survival probability in humans
(2019-08-01) van Keulen, Danielle; Pouwer, Marianne G.; Emilsson, Valur; Matic, Ljubica Perisic; Pieterman, Elsbet J.; Hedin, Ulf; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Jennings, Lori L.; Holmstrøm, Kim; Nielsen, Boye Schnack; Pasterkamp, Gerard; Lindeman, Jan H.N.; van Gool, Alain J.; Sollewijn Gelpke, Maarten D.; Princen, Hans M.G.; Tempel, Dennie; Faculty of Medicine
Objective Previous studies indicate a role for Oncostatin M (OSM) in atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases for which inhibitory antibodies are in development. However, to date no intervention studies with OSM have been performed, and its relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) has not been studied. Approach and results Gene expression analysis on human normal arteries (n = 10) and late stage/advanced carotid atherosclerotic arteries (n = 127) and in situ hybridization on early human plaques (n = 9) showed that OSM, and its receptors, OSM receptor (OSMR) and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor (LIFR) are expressed in normal arteries and atherosclerotic plaques. Chronic OSM administration in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice (n = 15/group) increased plasma E-selectin levels and monocyte adhesion to the activated endothelium independently of cholesterol but reduced the amount of inflammatory Ly-6CHigh monocytes and atherosclerotic lesion size and severity. Using aptamer-based proteomics profiling assays high circulating OSM levels were shown to correlate with post incident CHD survival probability in the AGES-Reykjavik study (n = 5457). Conclusions Chronic OSM administration in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice reduced atherosclerosis development. In line, higher serum OSM levels were correlated with improved post incident CHD survival probability in patients, suggesting a protective cardiovascular effect.
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Genome-wide association meta-analyses and fine-mapping elucidate pathways influencing albuminuria
(2019-12-01) Teumer, Alexander; Li, Yong; Ghasemi, Sahar; Prins, Bram P.; Wuttke, Matthias; Hermle, Tobias; Giri, Ayush; Sieber, Karsten B.; Qiu, Chengxiang; Kirsten, Holger; Tin, Adrienne; Chu, Audrey Y.; Bansal, Nisha; Feitosa, Mary F.; Wang, Lihua; Chai, Jin Fang; Cocca, Massimiliano; Fuchsberger, Christian; Gorski, Mathias; Hoppmann, Anselm; Horn, Katrin; Li, Man; Marten, Jonathan; Noce, Damia; Nutile, Teresa; Sedaghat, Sanaz; Sveinbjornsson, Gardar; Tayo, Bamidele O.; van der Most, Peter J.; Xu, Yizhe; Yu, Zhi; Gerstner, Lea; Ärnlöv, Johan; Bakker, Stephan J.L.; Baptista, Daniela; Biggs, Mary L.; Boerwinkle, Eric; Brenner, Hermann; Burkhardt, Ralph; Carroll, Robert J.; Chee, Miao Li; Chee, Miao Ling; Chen, Mengmeng; Cheng, Ching Yu; Cook, James P.; Coresh, Josef; Corre, Tanguy; Danesh, John; de Borst, Martin H.; De Grandi, Alessandro; de Mutsert, Renée; de Vries, Aiko P.J.; Degenhardt, Frauke; Dittrich, Katalin; Divers, Jasmin; Eckardt, Kai Uwe; Ehret, Georg; Endlich, Karlhans; Felix, Janine F.; Franco, Oscar H.; Franke, Andre; Freedman, Barry I.; Freitag-Wolf, Sandra; Gansevoort, Ron T.; Giedraitis, Vilmantas; Gögele, Martin; Grundner-Culemann, Franziska; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Hamet, Pavel; Harris, Tamara B.; Hicks, Andrew A.; Holm, Hilma; Foo, Valencia Hui Xian; Hwang, Shih Jen; Ikram, M. Arfan; Ingelsson, Erik; Jaddoe, Vincent W.V.; Jakobsdottir, Johanna; Josyula, Navya Shilpa; Jung, Bettina; Kähönen, Mika; Khor, Chiea Chuen; Kiess, Wieland; Koenig, Wolfgang; Körner, Antje; Kovacs, Peter; Kramer, Holly; Krämer, Bernhard K.; Kronenberg, Florian; Lange, Leslie A.; Langefeld, Carl D.; Lee, Jeannette Jen Mai; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lieb, Wolfgang; Lim, Su Chi; Lind, Lars; Lindgren, Cecilia M.; Liu, Jianjun; Loeffler, Markus; Lyytikäinen, Leo Pekka; Mahajan, Anubha; Maranville, Joseph C.; Mascalzoni, Deborah; McMullen, Barbara; Meisinger, Christa; Meitinger, Thomas; Miliku, Kozeta; Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O.; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Mychaleckyj, Josyf C.; Nauck, Matthias; Nikus, Kjell; Ning, Boting; Noordam, Raymond; Connell, Jeffrey O’; Olafsson, Isleifur; Palmer, Nicholette D.; Peters, Annette; Podgornaia, Anna I.; Ponte, Belen; Poulain, Tanja; Pramstaller, Peter P.; Rabelink, Ton J.; Raffield, Laura M.; Reilly, Dermot F.; Rettig, Rainer; Rheinberger, Myriam; Rice, Kenneth M.; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Runz, Heiko; Ryan, Kathleen A.; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Saum, Kai Uwe; Schöttker, Ben; Shaffer, Christian M.; Shi, Yuan; Smith, Albert V.; Strauch, Konstantin; Stumvoll, Michael; Sun, Benjamin B.; Szymczak, Silke; Tai, E. Shyong; Tan, Nicholas Y.Q.; Taylor, Kent D.; Teren, Andrej; Tham, Yih Chung; Thiery, Joachim; Thio, Chris H.L.; Thomsen, Hauke; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Tönjes, Anke; Tremblay, Johanne; Uitterlinden, André G.; van der Harst, Pim; Verweij, Niek; Vogelezang, Suzanne; Völker, Uwe; Waldenberger, Melanie; Wang, Chaolong; Wilson, Otis D.; Wong, Charlene; Wong, Tien Yin; Yang, Qiong; Yasuda, Masayuki; Akilesh, Shreeram; Bochud, Murielle; Böger, Carsten A.; Devuyst, Olivier; Edwards, Todd L.; Ho, Kevin; Morris, Andrew P.; Parsa, Afshin; Pendergrass, Sarah A.; Psaty, Bruce M.; Rotter, Jerome I.; Stefansson, Kari; Wilson, James G.; Susztak, Katalin; Snieder, Harold; Heid, Iris M.; Scholz, Markus; Butterworth, Adam S.; Hung, Adriana M.; Pattaro, Cristian; Köttgen, Anna; Faculty of Medicine; Health Sciences
Increased levels of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) are associated with higher risk of kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events, but underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we conduct trans-ethnic (n = 564,257) and European-ancestry specific meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies of UACR, including ancestry- and diabetes-specific analyses, and identify 68 UACR-associated loci. Genetic correlation analyses and risk score associations in an independent electronic medical records database (n = 192,868) reveal connections with proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, gout, and hypertension. Fine-mapping and trans-Omics analyses with gene expression in 47 tissues and plasma protein levels implicate genes potentially operating through differential expression in kidney (including TGFB1, MUC1, PRKCI, and OAF), and allow coupling of UACR associations to altered plasma OAF concentrations. Knockdown of OAF and PRKCI orthologs in Drosophila nephrocytes reduces albumin endocytosis. Silencing fly PRKCI further impairs slit diaphragm formation. These results generate a priority list of genes and pathways for translational research to reduce albuminuria.
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National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio : A pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries
(2020-02-01) Taddei, Cristina; Jackson, Rod; Zhou, Bin; Bixby, Honor; Danaei, Goodarz; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Hajifathalian, Kaveh; Bentham, James; Bennett, James E.; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Cifkova, Renata; Dallongeville, Jean; Debacquer, Dirk; Giampaoli, Simona; Guðnason, Vilmundur G.; Khang, Young Ho; Laatikainen, Tiina; Mann, Jimi; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Mensah, Georgea; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Petkeviciene, Janina; Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Servais, Jennifer; Söderberg, Stefan; Stavreski, Bill; Wilsgaard, Tom; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Zhao, Dong; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Savin, Stefan; Cowan, Melanie J.; Riley, Leanne M.; Ezzati, Majid; Adams, Robert J.; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Amouyel, Philippe; Amuzu, Antoinette; Anderssen, Sigmund A.; Ariansen, Inger; Arveiler, Dominique; Aspelund, Thor; Auvinen, Juha; Avdicová, Mária; Banach, Maciej; Bandosz, Piotr; Banegas, José R.; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Bata, Iqbal; Baur, Louise A.; Beaglehole, Robert; Bernotiene, Gailute; Bi, Yufang; Bienek, Asako; Björkelund, Cecilia; Bo, Simona; Boehm, Bernhard O.; Bonaccio, Marialaura; Bongard, Vanina; Borchini, Rossana; Borghs, Herman; Breckenkamp, Juergen; Brenner, Hermann; Bruno, Graziella; Busch, Markusa; Cabreradeleón, Antonio; Capuano, Vincenzo; Casanueva, Felipe F.; Casas, Juan Pablo; Caserta, Carmelo A.; Censi, Laura; Chen, Fangfang; Chen, Shuohua; Chirlaque, María Dolores; Cho, Belong; Cho, Yumi; Chudek, Jerzy; Claessens, Frank; Clarke, Janine; Clays, Els; Cooper, Cyrus; Costanzo, Simona; Cottel, Dominique; Cowell, Chris; Crujeiras, Ana B.; Cui, Liufu; D'Arrigo, Graziella; Dauchet, Luc; De Backer, Guy; De Bacquer, Dirk; De Gaetano, Giovanni; De Henauw, Stefaan; De Smedt, Delphine; Dennison, Elaine; Deschamps, Valérie; Dicastelnuovo, Augusto; Dobson, Annette J.; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Döring, Angela; Drygas, Wojciech; Du, Yong; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Eggertsen, Robert; Ekelund, Ulf; Elosua, Roberto; Eriksson, Johan G.; Evans, Alun; Faeh, David; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J.; Fernández-Bergés, Daniel; Ferrari, Marika; Ferrieres, Jean; Finn, Joseph D.; Forslund, Ann Sofie; Forsner, Maria; Frontera, Guillermo; Fujita, Yuki; Gaciong, Zbigniew; Galvano, Fabio; Gao, Jingli; Garcia-De-La-Hera, Manoli; Garnett, Sarahp; Gaspoz, Jean Michel; Gasull, Magda; Gates, Louise; Gianfagna, Francesco; Gill, Tiffany K.; Giovannelli, Jonathan; Goltzman, David; Gonzalezgross, Marcela; Gottrand, Frederic; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Grafnetter, Dušan; Gregor, Ronald D.; Grodzicki, Tomasz; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gruden, Grabriella; Gu, Dongfeng; Guallar-Castillón, Pilar; Gudmundsson, Elias F.; Guessous, Idris; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna; Gutzwiller, Felix; Hardy, Rebecca; Hata, Jun; Haugsgjerd, Teresa; Hayes, Alison J.; He, Jiang; He, Yuna; Herrala, Sauli; Tapanihihtaniemi, Ilpo; Hobbs, Michael; Hopman, Wilma M.; Maríahuerta, José; Huybrechts, Inge; Iacoviello, Licia; Iannone, Anna G.; Ikeda, Nayu; Iwasaki, Masanori; Jamrozik, Konrad; Janszky, Imre; Jarvelin, Marjo Riitta; Jasienska, Grazyna; Jennings, Garry; Jeong, Seung Lyeal; Qiangjiang, Chao; Joffres, Michel; Jokelainen, Jari J.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jóźwiak, Jacek; Kajantie, Eero O.; Kauhanen, Jussi; Keil, Ulrich; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka; Kersting, Mathilde; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula; Kiechl, Stefan; Kim, Jeongseon; Kim, Yeon Yong; Klumbiene, Jurate; Knoflach, Michael; Ko, Stephanie; Kolle, Elin; Korpelainen, Raija; Koskinen, Seppo; Kouda, Katsuyasu; Kratzer, Wolfgang; Kriemler, Susi; Krokstad, Steinar; Kujala, Urhom; Kurjata, Pawel; Hinglam, Tai; Lanska, Vera; Lappas, Georg; Laugsand, Lars E.; Lee, Jeonghee; Lehtimäki, Terho; Li, Yanping; Lilly, Christa L.; Lin, Xu; Lind, Lars; Lissner, Lauren; Liu, Jing; Lopez-Garcia, Esther; Lorbeer, Roberto; Eugeniolozano, José; Luksiene, Dalia; Lundqvist, Annamari; Lundqvist, Robert; Lytsy, Per; Ma, Guansheng; Machi, Suka; Maggi, Stefania; Magliano, Dianna J.; Mann, Jim I.; Manzato, Enzo; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; McLachlan, Stela; McLean, Rachael M.; Scott, B. S.; Meirhaeghe, Aline; Christa, C.; Metcalf, Patricia; Mi, Jie; Miller, Jody C.; Moreno, Luisa; Morin, Suzanne; Mossakowska, Malgorzata; Muiesan, Maria L.; Mursu, Jaakko; Nakamura, Harunobu; Námešná, Jana; Matthias, M.; Marianavarrete-Muñoz, Eva; Neal, William A.; Nenko, Ilona; Niiranen, Teemu J.; Ning, Guang; Noale, Marianna; Norie, Sawada; Noto, Davide; O'Neill, Terence; O'Reilly, Dermot; Oh, Kyungwon; Olafsson, Örn; Michelpaccaud, Fred; Pajak, Andrzej; Palmieri, Luigi; Panza, Francesco; Parnell, Winsome R.; Peltonen, Markku; Peters, Annette; Petersmann, Astrid; Pigeot, Iris; Pilotto, Lorenza; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Plans-Rubió, Pedro; Porta, Miquel; Price, Jacqueline F.; Puder, Jardena J.; Puhakka, Soilee; Radisauskas, Ricardas; Raitakari, Olli; Ramos, Rafel; Redon, Josep; Rigo, Fernando; Rodriguez-Perez, Maríadel Cristo; Romaguera, Dora; Ronkainen, Kimmo; Rosengren, Annika; Roy, Joel G.R.; Ruidavets, Jean Bernard; Rutkowski, Marcin; Salanave, Benoit; Salmerón, Diego; Salomaa, Veikko; Salonen, Jukka T.; Salvetti, Massimo; Sans, Susana; Saramies, Jouko L.; Saum, Kai Uwe; Scheidt-Nave, Christa; Schienkiewitz, Anja; Schipf, Sabine; Schmidt, Carsteno; Schöttker, Ben; Sebert, Sylvain; Sen, Abhijit; Shaw, Jonathan E.; Shibuya, Kenji; Wookshin, Dong; Shiri, Rahman; Simons, Judith; Simons, Leon A.; Sjöström, Michael; Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta; Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo; Sonestedt, Emily; Soumare, Aicha; Staessen, Jan A.; Stathopoulou, Maria G.; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Stehle, Peter; Stieber, Jutta; Stöckl, Doris; Stokwiszewski, Jakub; Sundström, Johan; Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul; Tamosiunas, Abdonas; Jootan, Eng; Taylor, Anne; Tell, Grethe; Thijs, Lutgarde; Tolonen, Hanna K.; Topór-Madry, Roman; Josétormo, María; Torrent, Maties; Tsugane, Shoichiro; Tuomainen, Tomi Pekka; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Tzourio, Christophe; Uusitalo, Hannu M.T.; Vanherck, Koen; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Vanuzzo, Diego; Vatten, Lars; Vega, Tomas; Veronesi, Giovanni; Vioque, Jesus; Virtanen, Jyrkik; Visvikis-Siest, Sophie; Vollenweider, Peter; Voutilainen, Sari; Vrijheid, Martine; Wagner, Aline; Wagner, Anne; Wang, Ming Dong; Wang, Qian; Xingwang, Ya; Wannamethee, S. Goya; Wei, Wenbin; Wiecek, Andrzej; Willeit, Johann; Willeit, Peter; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Wong, Andrew; Woodward, Mark; Giwercmanwu, Aleksander; Wu, Frederick C.; Wu, Shouling; Xu, Haiquan; Xu, Liang; Yan, Weili; Yang, Xiaoguang; Ye, Xingwang; Yoshihara, Akihiro; Zambon, Sabina; Zhao, Wenhua; Faculty of Medicine
Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.
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Childhood overweight and obesity and the risk of depression across the lifespan
(2020-01-21) Gibson-Smith, Deborah; Halldorsson, Thorhallur I.; Bot, Mariska; Brouwer, Ingeborg A.; Visser, Marjolein; Thorsdottir, Inga; Birgisdottir, Bryndis E.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Eiriksdottir, Gudny; Launer, Lenore J.; Harris, Tamara B.; Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg; Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition; Faculty of Medicine; Health Sciences
Background: Obesity has been longitudinally associated with depression but only few studies take a life course approach. This longitudinal study investigates whether being overweight or obese at age 8 and 13 years is associated with depressive symptoms more than 60 years later and whether this association is independent of late-life body mass index (BMI). We also investigated the association of being overweight/obese at age 8 or 13 years with ever having major depressive disorder (lifetime MDD). Method: This analysis is based on a sub-sample of 889 AGES-Reykjavik participants with measured BMI data from early life. Late-life depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and lifetime MDD was assessed at late-life using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relationships between BMI (continuous and categorical) at age 8 or 13 years, and late-life depressive symptoms (measured as GDS ≥ 5) or lifetime MDD, adjusted for sex, education, physical activity, smoking status and alcohol use. In a separate model, additional adjustments were made for late-life BMI. Results: One hundred and one subjects (11%) had depressive symptoms at late-life (GDS ≥ 5), and 39 subjects (4.4%) had lifetime MDD. Being overweight or obese at age 8 or 13 years was not associated with higher depressive symptoms during late-life, irrespective of late-life BMI. Being overweight or obese at age 8 years, but not age 13 years was associated with an increased risk of lifetime MDD (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for age 8 = 4.03[1.16-13.96]P = 0.03 and age 13 = 2.65[0.69-10.26] P = 0.16, respectively). Conclusion: Being overweight in childhood was associated with increased odds of lifetime MDD, although the magnitude of the risk is uncertain given the small numbers of participants with lifetime MDD. No clear association was observed between childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity and late-life depressive symptoms irrespective of late life BMI.

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