Opin vísindi
Opin vísindi er varðveislusafn vísindaefnis og doktorsritgerða í opnum aðgangi á vegum íslenskra háskóla og Landsbókasafns Íslands - Háskólabókasafns.
Opinn aðgangur að rannsóknaniðurstöðum er í samræmi við 10. gr. laga nr. 3/2003 um opinberan stuðning við vísindarannsóknir sem og kröfur innlendra og erlendra rannsóknasjóða. Markmiðið með opnum aðgangi er að niðurstöður rannsókna séu aðgengilegar sem flestum óhindrað og án endurgjalds á rafrænu formi. Vistun í varðveislusafninu er varanleg og ætlað að tryggja aðgang að vísindaefni íslenskra háskóla í opnum aðgangi um ókomna tíð. Varðveislusafnið Opin vísindi er tengt við rannsóknagáttina IRIS og rannsóknaniðurstöður í opnum aðgangi sem eru skráðar í IRIS eru um leið vistaðar og gerðar aðgengilegar til framtíðar í varðveislusafninu. Með því að safna þessu efni saman í eitt safn verður aðgangur að því einfaldur og þægilegur fyrir alla sem vilja kynna sér það og geta þannig notið þess öfluga vísindastarfs sem fram fer í háskólum landsins.
Varðveislusafnið er OpenAIRE / OpenAIREplus samhæft og samrýmist kröfum sem gerðar eru um birtingu rannsóknaniðurstaðna úr verkefnum sem styrkt eru úr evrópsku rannsóknaáætlununum FP7 og H2020.
Varðveislusafnið notar opna hugbúnaðinn DSpace.
Opinn aðgangur að rannsóknaniðurstöðum er í samræmi við 10. gr. laga nr. 3/2003 um opinberan stuðning við vísindarannsóknir sem og kröfur innlendra og erlendra rannsóknasjóða. Markmiðið með opnum aðgangi er að niðurstöður rannsókna séu aðgengilegar sem flestum óhindrað og án endurgjalds á rafrænu formi. Vistun í varðveislusafninu er varanleg og ætlað að tryggja aðgang að vísindaefni íslenskra háskóla í opnum aðgangi um ókomna tíð. Varðveislusafnið Opin vísindi er tengt við rannsóknagáttina IRIS og rannsóknaniðurstöður í opnum aðgangi sem eru skráðar í IRIS eru um leið vistaðar og gerðar aðgengilegar til framtíðar í varðveislusafninu. Með því að safna þessu efni saman í eitt safn verður aðgangur að því einfaldur og þægilegur fyrir alla sem vilja kynna sér það og geta þannig notið þess öfluga vísindastarfs sem fram fer í háskólum landsins.
Varðveislusafnið er OpenAIRE / OpenAIREplus samhæft og samrýmist kröfum sem gerðar eru um birtingu rannsóknaniðurstaðna úr verkefnum sem styrkt eru úr evrópsku rannsóknaáætlununum FP7 og H2020.
Varðveislusafnið notar opna hugbúnaðinn DSpace.
Flokkar í Opnum vísindum
Veldu flokk til að skoða.
- University of Iceland
- University of Akureyri
- Bifröst University
- Hólar University College
- Reykjavík University
- IRIS
- Agricultural University of Iceland
- National and University Library of Iceland
- Iceland University of the Arts
Nýlega bætt við
Lifrarbólga A á Íslandi
(2018-03-05) Kristinsdóttir, Hallfrídur; Löve, Arthúr; Björnsson, Einar Stefán; Kristinsdóttir, Hallfríður; Læknadeild
Inngangur: Faraldrar af völdum lifrarbólgu A veiru (hepatitis A virus, HAV) komu endurtekið upp á Íslandi á fyrrihluta 20. aldar en síðan þá hafa fá tilfelli greinst og engir þekktir faraldrar komið upp síðan 1952. Síðustu íslensku rannsóknir á lifrarbólgu A frá því um 1990 sýndu lágt nýgengi sýkingar og lækkandi algengi mótefna. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna nýgengi og birtingarmynd lifrarbólgu A á Íslandi og uppruna smits, erlendis eða innanlands. Efniviður og aðferðir: Klínískum upplýsingum var safnað afturskyggnt úr sjúkraskrám um einkenni við greiningu, blóðprufuniðurstöður og mögulegar smitleiðir hjá öllum einstaklingum með jákvæð lifrarbólgu A IgM mótefni í gagnagrunni veirufræðideildar Landspítala á 11 ára tímabili, 2006-2016. Niðurstöður: Alls greindust 12 manns með bráða lifrarbólgu A á tímabilinu en framkvæmdar voru 6691 mæling á heildarmótefnum og 1984 mælingar á IgM mótefnum. Níu (75%) höfðu verið erlendis innan 7 vikna frá upphafi einkenna. Algengustu einkennin voru gula (10/12, 83%), hiti (67%) og ógleði og/eða uppköst (58%). Alls lögðust 50% inn á sjúkrahús og 42% fengu hækkun á INR/PT. Allir lifðu af sýkinguna án fylgikvilla. Ályktun: Að meðaltali greindist um eitt tilfelli af bráðri lifrarbólgu A árlega á Íslandi en mjög margar mótefnamælingar voru gerðar. Mikill meirihluti tilfella greindist hjá einstaklingum sem höfðu nýlega dvalið erlendis. Ef sjúklingar hafa gulu, hita og ógleði er ástæða til að kanna lifrarbólgu A sýkingu. Lifrarbólga A er ekki landlæg á Íslandi.
Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding : A population-based five-year follow-up study
(2019-12-01) Hreinsson, Johann P.; Ægisdottir, Silja; Björnsson, Einar Stefán; Faculty of Medicine
Background: Data on the natural history of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (ALGIB) are lacking. We evaluated five-year bleeding risk and mortality in ALGIB patients and controls. Furthermore, we aimed to find predictors of rebleeding. Methods: This was a population-based retrospective case-control study conducted at the National University Hospital of Iceland, and included every individual who underwent endoscopy in 2010–2011. ALGIB was defined as rectal bleeding leading to hospitalisation or occurring in a hospitalised patient. Controls were randomly selected from those who underwent endoscopy in the same time period but who did not have GIB, and were matched for sex and age. Patients were followed up five years after index bleeding. Rebleeding was defined as ALGIB >14 days after index bleeding. Results: In total, 2294 patients underwent 2602 colonoscopies in 2010–2011. Of those, 319 (14%) had ALGIB. The mean age for cases and controls was 64 and 65 years (±19.3–20.7), respectively, and females accounted for 51–52% of the study population. For ALGIB patients, the five-year risk of a bleeding was 20% (95% confidence interval (CI) 15–24%) compared to 3% (95% CI 1–5%) in controls (log rank < 0.0001; co-morbidity-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 6.9 (95% CI 3.4–14)). Only 37% of bleeders had the same cause of index bleeding and rebleeding. In ALGIB patients, age and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were predictors of rebleeding, with odds ratios per 10 years of 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.6) and 4.3 (95% CI 1.5–12), respectively. Bleeders did not have a higher risk of five-year mortality compared to controls (HR = 1.2; 95% CI 0.87–1.6). Conclusions: One fifth of ALGIB patients had rebleeding during follow-up. Age and IBD were independent predictors of rebleeding. ALGIB was not associated with lower five-year survival.
Genetic Risk Factors in Drug-Induced Liver Injury Due to Isoniazid-Containing Antituberculosis Drug Regimens
(2021-04) Nicoletti, Paola; Devarbhavi, Harshad; Goel, Ashish; Venkatesan, Radha; Eapen, Chundamannil E.; Grove, Jane I.; Zafer, Samreen; Björnsson, Einar Stefán; Lucena, M. Isabel; Andrade, Raul J.; Pirmohamed, Munir; Wadelius, Mia; Larrey, Dominique; Maitland-van der Zee, Anke Hilse; Ibanez, Luisa; Watkins, Paul B.; Daly, Ann K.; Aithal, Guruprasad P.; Faculty of Medicine
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a complication of treatment with antituberculosis (TB) drugs, especially in isoniazid (INH)-containing regimens. To investigate genetic risk factors, we performed a genomewide association study (GWAS) involving anti-TB DILI cases (55 Indian and 70 European) and controls (1,199 Indian and 10,397 European). Most cases were treated with a standard anti-TB drug regimen; all received INH. We imputed single nucleotide polymorphism and HLA genotypes and performed trans-ethnic meta-analysis on GWAS and candidate gene genotypes. GWAS found one significant association (rs117491755) in Europeans only. For HLA, HLA-B*52:01 was significant (meta-analysis odds ratio (OR) 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63–4.37, P = 9.4 × 10−5). For N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), NAT2*5 frequency was lower in cases (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.57–0.83, P = 0.01). NAT2*6 and NAT2*7 were more common, with homozygotes for NAT2*6 and/or NAT2*7 enriched among cases (OR 1.89, 95% CI 0.84–4.22, P = 0.004). We conclude HLA genotype makes a small contribution to TB drug-related DILI and that the NAT2 contribution is complex, but consistent with previous reports when differences in the metabolic effect of NAT2*5 compared with those of NAT2*6 and NAT2*7 are considered.
Prevention and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury : Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
(2021-02) Niu, Hao; Sanabria-Cabrera, Judith; Alvarez-Alvarez, Ismael; Robles-Diaz, Mercedes; Stankevičiūtė, Simona; Aithal, Guruprasad P.; Björnsson, Einar Stefán; Andrade, Raul J.; Lucena, M. Isabel; Faculty of Medicine
Conducting randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is challenging. This systematic review aims to summarise the design and findings of RCTs in the prevention and management of idiosyncratic DILI. A systematic literature search up to January 31st, 2020 was performed. Recognised scales were used to assess methodological bias and quality of the studies. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistic. Overall, 22 RCTs were included: 12 on prevention (n = 2,471 patients) and 10 in management (n = 797) of DILI/non-acetaminophen DILI-related acute liver failure (ALF). Silymarin (eight studies), bicyclol (four), magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (three), N-acetylcysteine (three), tiopronin (one), L-carnitine (one), and traditional Chinese medicines (two) were tested in the intervention arm, while control arm mostly received standard supportive care or placebo. Main efficacy criteria in the prevention RCTs was DILI incidence or peak of liver enzymes value. In management RCTs, the efficacy parameter was usually 50 % decrease or normalisation of liver enzymes, or survival rate in DILI-related ALF patients. Overall, 15 trials described the randomisation method, eight were double-blind (n = 672) and nine had sample size estimation (n = 880). Four RCTs involving 377 patients used an intention-to-treat analysis. Based on the scarce number of trials available, tested agents showed limited efficacy in DILI prevention and management and a favourable safety profile. In conclusion, heterogeneity among studies in DILI case qualification and methodologic quality was evident, and the RCTs performed demonstrated limited efficacy of specific interventions. International research networks are needed to establish a framework on RCTs design and therapeutic endpoints.
School meal provision, health, and cognitive function in a Nordic setting - The ProMeal-study : Description of methodology and the Nordic context
(2016-08-10) Waling, Maria; Ólafsdóttir, Anna Sigríður; Lagstrom, Hanna; Wergedahl, Hege; Jonsson, Bert; Olsson, Cecilia; Fossgard, Eldbjørg; Holthe, Asle; Talvia, Sanna; Gunnarsdóttir, Ingibjörg; Hörnell, Agneta; Faculty of Health Promotion, Sports and Leisure Studies; Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition
Background: School meals, if both nutritious and attractive, provide a unique opportunity to improve health equality and public health. Objective: To describe the study rationale, data collection, and background of participants in the study 'Prospects for promoting health and performance by school meals in Nordic countries' (ProMeal). The general aim was to determine whether overall healthiness of the diet and learning conditions in children can be improved by school lunches, and to capture the main concerns regarding school lunches among children in a Nordic context. Design: A cross-sectional, multidisciplinary study was performed in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden on pupils (n = 837) born in 2003. Results: In total 3,928 pictures of school lunches were taken to capture pupils' school lunch intake. A mean of 85% of all parents responded to a questionnaire about socioeconomic background, dietary intake, and habitual physical activity at home. Cognitive function was measured on one occasion on 93% of the pupils during optimal conditions with a Stroop and a Child Operation Span test. A mean of 169 pupils also did an Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test after lunch over 3 days. In total, 37,413 10-sec observations of classroom learning behavior were performed. In addition, 753 empathy-based stories were written and 78 focus groups were conducted. The pupils had high socioeconomic status. Conclusions: This study will give new insights into which future interventions are needed to improve pupils' school lunch intake and learning. The study will provide valuable information for policy making, not least in countries where the history of school meals is shorter than in some of the Nordic countries.