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Updated trends in the global prevalence and burden of mental disorders, 1990–2023 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
(2026-05-23) A.J.FerrariAlize Jd.santomauro@uq.edu.auGBD 2023 Mental Disorder Collaborators; Department of Psychology
Background The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023. Methods Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population. Findings We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06–1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5–15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0–121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4–41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127–228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1–2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8–7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8–20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7–3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8–2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15–19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6–3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7–1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9–4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1–2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1–2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI. Interpretation A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice. Funding Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.
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Unveiling gender disparities in corporate board career paths using deep learning
(2026-04-10) Zhou, Yuhao; Chen, Wenhao; Óskarsdóttir, María; Davison, Matt; Bravo, Cristián; Department of Computer Science
In this study, we investigate the relationship between professional networks and gender disparities in corporate board appointments, focusing on publicly traded Canadian companies. Using data from over 19,000 senior managers and board members in more than 700 firms from 2000 to 2022, we combine social network analysis with a causal learning framework and long short-term memory (LSTM) models to examine how networks act as both enablers and barriers to achieving gender diversity in leadership. Our findings highlight a clear glass-ceiling effect: female board members must build wider and more influential networks than men to reach similar positions of influence, even when their demographics and career paths are comparable. Gender-specific personalized PageRank further reveals the strong role of female-to-female connections in supporting women’s advancement. This research contributes to a broader discussion of corporate governance and gender diversity, highlighting the need for inclusive networking and mentorship initiatives to reduce existing barriers.
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The Influence of Family on Gambling Behaviours : A Rapid Review of Emergent Literature
(2026-06) Smith, Jessica; Wright, Simon; Dighton, Glen; Dymond, Simon; Torrance, Jamie; Department of Psychology
The influence of the family on gambling behaviours has been widely explored. However, findings remain inconsistent, and with family structures evolving, updated evidence is needed to guide prevention strategies. A rapid review of empirical studies (2018–2024) explored the influence of the family on gambling in childhood and adulthood. Thirty-six studies, predominantly from the USA, revealed that families significantly impact gambling behaviours through two perspectives: Family Environment in Childhood and in Adulthood, respectively. Gambling may become normalised within families, and increase risk for gambling-related harm, compounded by factors such as parental relationships, income, violence, and maltreatment. Conversely, families can mitigate gambling-related harm through family-oriented interventions. Recent research on the interplay between families and gambling remains limited. Addressing this gap is crucial for developing effective harm-reduction strategies and family-based therapies. Future research should prioritise understanding the complexities of family influence on gambling behaviours.
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The relationship between mental toughness, rumination, and depressive symptoms in athletes : A preliminary cross-sectional study
(2026-07) Tahtinen, Richard E.; Jónsdóttir, Sara Björk; Kristjánsdóttir, Hafrún; Department of Sport Science
AbstractResearch has shown that mental toughness (MT) may be a protective factor for depressive symptoms, however, we know little about how this relationship may emerge. The aim of this preliminary cross-sectional study was to explore potential indirect relationships between MT and depressive symptoms via brooding and reflective rumination. A total of 113 Icelandic national team athletes participated in the study, of which 80 were women (70.8%) and 33 were men (29.2%). Prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was 4.5% (5.13% females and 3.03% males), with non-significant mean differences between genders in total symptom scores. The indirect association between MT and depressive symptoms via brooding was negative, with the confidence interval excluding zero, b = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.01]. The confidence interval (95% CI [-0.16, -0.01]), and the standardized coefficient (β_indirect = -0.08) was consistent with a small indirect association. In contrast, the indirect association between MT and depressive symptoms via reflective rumination was not supported, as the confidence interval included zero. These findings suggest that MT may be associated with depressive symptoms in part through its negative relationship with brooding rumination. These findings should, however, be considered preliminary and limited due to the relatively small sample size and cross-sectional design. We also discuss how MT may overlap with other cognitive-affective constructs and how this conceptual breadth may introduce challenges to its current applied utility. Addressing these conceptual aspects with longitudinal and experimental research would benefit future applied efforts aimed at supporting athlete mental health.
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Source-separation infrastructure and the reduction of residual household waste : Evidence from Iceland's 2023 waste reform
(2026-10-30) Óskarsson, Guðmundur Kristján; Agnarsson, Sveinn; Davíðsdóttir, Brynhildur; Ingason, Helgi Thor; Department of Engineering
This study evaluates whether Iceland's 2023 waste-management reform, which combined Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) financing with mandatory four-bin kerbside collection, reduced targeted household waste remaining in the general bin. Using a decade-long dataset (2014–2025) derived from systematic waste characterisation studies, the analysis employs a panel Interrupted Time Series (ITS) design comprising 55 observations across five analytical areas in the Capital Region to quantify changes in residual biodegradable waste, paper, plastic, and non-targeted fractions. The results indicate a statistically significant structural break in household disposal behaviour, with total waste in the general bin declining by an average of 37 % following the reform. This shift is primarily driven by a pronounced “organic transition,” as biodegradable waste remaining in the residual stream decreased by 54 %. By 2024, total apparent capture rates for paper and plastic reached peaks of 83 % and 44 %, respectively, before showing slight stabilisation in 2025. These findings suggest that the EPR framework provided an important financial and regulatory foundation, but the decisive behavioural mechanism was the rollout of accessible household-level source-separation infrastructure, especially for biodegradable kitchen waste. For paper and plastic, observed changes are more consistent with the continuation and reinforcement of pre-existing downward trends alongside improved post-reform apparent capture rates. However, the slight stabilisation in performance by 2025 is consistent with a tendency for initial participation gains to diminish over time, highlighting the importance of sustained behavioural engagement, contamination control, and complementary collection pathways for residual materials not targeted by the four-bin system.

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