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The North pole mission in Iceland 1857 - 1858
(Háskóli Íslands, 2014) Guðmundsson, Birgir; Meckl, Markus Hermann; Ólafs, Helga; Heijstra, Thamar M.; School of Humanities and Social Sciences
Verk
Byggðafesta og búferlaflutningar : Bæir og þorp á Íslandi vorið 2019
(Byggðastofnun, 2019) Bjarnason, Thoroddur; Jóhannesdóttir, Gréta Bergrún; Guðmundsson, Guðmundur; Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf; Þórðardóttir, Sigríður Elín; Skaptadóttir, Unnur Dís; Karlsson, Vífill; Miðstöð doktorsnáms; Hug- og félagsvísindasvið
Helstu niðurstöður • Mikill hreyfanleiki einkennir minni byggðarkjarna á Íslandi og langflestir íbúanna hafa búið annars staðar en í heimabyggð. Meirihluti íbúanna hefur einhvern tímann búið á höfuðborgarsvæðinu og annars staðar á Íslandi og mörg þeirra hafa einnig búið erlendis. • Margir íbúar ætla að flytja frá byggðarlaginu tímabundið eða fyrir fullt og allt og 14% ætla líklega eða örugglega að flytja á brott á næstu 2–3 árum. Þótt hlutfall þeirra sem ætla að flytja sé misjafnt eftir byggðarkjörnum er lítill munur eftir landshlutum eða stærð byggðarkjarna. Það er í samræmi við opinberar tölur sem sýna að 5-9% íbúa flytja almennt til og frá einstökum sveitarfélögum á hverju ári. • Yfirgnæfandi meirihluti íbúa í smærri byggðarkjörnum eru ánægð með búsetu sína. Flestir íbúar eiga fjölskyldu og vini í byggðarlaginu og flest þeirra tengjast samfélaginu, staðnum og náttúrunni sterkum böndum. • Íbúarnir eru almennt mjög jákvæðir gagnvart aðflutningi Íslendinga til byggðarlagsins, hvort sem aðfluttir eigi rætur að rekja til byggðarlagsins eða ekki. Minni stuðningur er við aðflutning fólks af erlendum uppruna eða aukinni frístundabúsetu fólks með aðalheimili annars staðar. • Svarhlutfall íbúa af erlendum uppruna er mun lægra en þeirra sem eru af íslenskum uppruna. Þau sem eiga báða foreldra af erlendum uppruna eru ívið líklegri til að ætla að flytja en þau sem eiga báða foreldra af íslenskum uppruna. • Þótt konur séu ólíklegri til að afskrifa það alveg að flytja á brott er ekki munur á hlutfalli karla og kvenna sem telja það mjög líklegt. Ójafnt kynjahlutfall í smærri byggðarlögum virðist ekki síður stafa af minni aðflutningi kvenna en meiri brottflutningi þeirra frá slíkum byggðarlögum. • Stór hluti yngsta aldurshópsins ætlar að flytja á brott á næstu árum en það er fátítt meðal þeirra sem komnir eru yfir sjötugt. Í samræmi við það eru svarendur sem búa í foreldrahúsum og námsmenn líklegastir til að ætla að flytja en fólk á eftirlaunum er ólíklegast til þess. • Þau sem lokið hafa stúdentsprófi eða háskólaprófi eru heldur líklegri til að ætla að flytja en þau sem hafa lokið grunnskóla eða iðnmenntun. Fleiri nefna þó tækifæri barna sinna til menntunar en eigin tækifæri sem mikilvæga ástæðu brottflutninga. • Atvinnutækifæri eru mikilvægasta einstaka ástæða þess að fólk segist ætla að flytja búferlum, en aðgengi að menningu og afþreyingu, heilbrigðisþjónustu og verslun og þjónustu skiptir einnig verulegu máli. • Hreint loft, kyrrð og ró, litla hættu á afbrotum og litla umferð skipta miklu máli fyrir áframhaldandi búsetu í byggðarkjörnunum. Talsvert fleiri þátttakendur töldu þessa þætti skipta meira máli en atvinnumál, húsnæðismál eða nálægð við foreldra, börn eða barnabörn. • Um helmingur svarenda segja að húsið þar sem þau búa skipti þau miklu máli og sá hópur er mun ólíklegri til að flytja á brott. Þau sem eiga húsnæði í byggðarlaginu eru jafnframt mun ólíklegri til að hugsa sér til hreyfings en þau sem eru á leigumarkaði. • Tiltölulega fáir eiga hvorki fjölskyldu né vini í byggðarkjarnanum, en enn færri eiga þar alla fjölskyldu eða vini. Búseta fjölskyldu og þó sérstaklega vina hefur sterk tengsl við fyrirætlanir um að vera um kyrrt eða flytja þangað sem fjölskylda og vinir búa. • Þau sem búa með maka sínum eða uppkomnum börnum eru líklegust til að verða um kyrrt en þau sem búa ein eru ólíklegust til þess. Einstæðir foreldrar sem hafa börn alltaf eða stundum á heimilinu eru í meðallagi líkleg til að ætla að flytja á næstu árum. • Óþægileg félagsleg tengsl skipta einnig máli fyrir búsetuáform og nokkur hópur þeirra sem ætla að flytja á brott á næstu árum nefna umtal eða slúður, gamaldags kynjaviðhorf eða erfið samskipti við tiltekna einstaklinga sem mikilvæga ástæðu fyrir þeim fyrirætlunum. • Mat íbúanna á líklegri þróun lífskjara í byggðarkjarnanum á næstu árum hefur sterkari tengsl við búsetuáform en mat þeirra á þróun síðustu ára.
Verk
Áhrif sláttar og eitrunar á lúpínubreiður og gróðurfar : A comparison of two eradication methods for the invasive species Lupinus nootkatensis in Iceland.
(2016-07) Svavarsdóttir, Kristín; von Schmalensee, Menja; Aradóttir, Ása Lovísa; Bau, Anne; Stefánsson, Róbert A.
Útbreiðsla alaskalúpínu (Lupinus nootkatensis) hefur aukist mikið hér á landi síðustu ár og sækir hún í vaxandi mæli inn í gróið land. Vegna þessa er lúpínan flokkuð sem ágeng tegund og hafa nokkur sveitarfélög ráðist í að eyða henni eða hamla útbreiðslu hennar. Samhliða skipulegum slætti lúpínu í Stykkishólmsbæ var lögð þar út tilraun árið 2010 með það að markmiði að bera saman árangur af árlegum slætti og plöntueitri. Tilraunin var gerð í rofnu mólendi sem lúpína hafði lagt undir sig. Tilraunameðferðir voru þrjár, lúpína slegin, eitrað fyrir henni eða látin ómeðhöndluð í 100 m2 stórum reitum, fimm fyrir hverja meðferð. Árlega var lúpína slegin eða eitrað fyrir henni, og gróður mældur 2011 og 2015, einu og fimm árum eftir fyrstu aðgerðir. Árið 2011 hafði lúpína gefið verulega eftir í meðhöndluðum reitum og 2015 var þekja hennar og þéttleiki blómstrandi plantna marktækt minni en í ómeðhöndluðum reitum. Tegundaauðgi jókst marktækt í meðhöndluðum reitum milli mælinga og var árið 2015 meiri í þeim en ómeðhöndluðum reitum. Tegundasamsetning í slegnum og eitruðum reitum breyttist mikið á tímabilinu í samanburði við ómeðhöndlaða reiti. Árið 2015 voru flestar tegundir, mest þekja grasa og blómplantna og minnst af lúpínu í slegnum reitum en í eitruðum reitum var þriðjungur yfirborðs gróðursnauður og þekja grasa marktækt minni en í þeim slegnu. Það er langtímaverkefni að útrýma lúpínu og sýna niðurstöður þessarar tilraunar að til þess má nota bæði slátt og eitrun. Meiri gróðurþekja og fleiri plöntutegundir í slegnum reitum en eitruðum eftir fimm ára aðgerðir sýnir á hinn bóginn að slátturinn skilar betri árangri.
Verk
Toddler Sociality: Co-constructing the peer group through embodied interactions
(University of Iceland, School of Education, Faculty of education and pedagogy, 2025-11-27) Gunnarsdóttir, Bryndís; Amanda Bateman; Deild menntunnar og marbreytileika (HÍ); Faculty of education and pedagogy (UI); Menntavísindasvið (HÍ); School of Education (UI)
This PhD research project explores toddlers’ sociality and competence within peer interactions, focusing on their use of embodied strategies to actively participate and co-construct their peer group, create a sense of togetherness and form a ‘mutual we’. The research project was conducted in a toddler room in an early childhood education and care (ECEC) setting in Iceland and is an ethnomethodological (EM) study applying multimodal conversation analysis (CA) to examine these embodied strategies. The research offers an original contribution by challenging traditional views of toddlers as passive onlookers, demonstrating their active engagement and sophisticated social behaviours.The research project is structured around three sub-studies, each presented in a research article. The first article investigates the embodied strategies toddlers use to initiate interactions with their peers, highlighting the importance of gaze and touch as initiation strategies. The second article explores how toddlers use humour and environmental resources to initiate and sustain interactions within the peer group. The third article examines how toddlers use observation and imitation as a pre-opening in the co-construction of peer interactions. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on toddler social experiences within ECEC settings. The findings highlight their agency in shaping social relationships and peer culture. Overall, this thesis provides unique and valuable insights into the new and emerging area of toddler sociality, emphasising their active role in peer interactions and their ability to co-construct social relationships independent of adult interactional interventions.The data was collected over a 9-month period using participant observations through video recordings and field notes as the methods used. The interactions observed were transcribed according to recognised multimodal CA transcription conventions. The findings of this research underscore the value of multimodal CA as a methodological approach for studying toddlers’ interactions, providing detailed and nuanced insights into the embodied strategies toddlers use to navigate their social worlds. Ethnomethodology and multimodal conversation analysis therefore provide a robust theoretical and methodological framework for conducting this type of research and the findings of this study contribute to an original way of conceptualising toddler sociality and toddler social competence in ECEC.The findings have implications for policy and practice in early childhood education, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of toddler sociality and the importance of supporting peer interactions in ECEC settings. The findings also offer practical implications for early childhood teachers. Even though this study did not examine the role of the teachers in toddler peer interactions, by understanding the importance of embodied interactions and the sophisticated ways toddlers engage with their peers, it is my belief that teachers can better support and enhance toddler sociality and peer interactions by providing specific care and education in ECEC settings that offer support and opportunities for toddlers to interact and build a ‘mutual we’ with their peers.
Verk
The Normalization of Silencing: The Interplay between Nurses' Experience of Working Conditions and Gender Equality Ideals
(University of Iceland, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics, 2025-12-09) Þorsteinsdóttir, Klara; Ingólfur V. Gíslason; Félagsfræði-, mannfræði- og þjóðfræðideild (HÍ); Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics (UI); Félagsvísindasvið (HÍ); School of Social Sciences (UI)
Despite Iceland’s reputation as one of the most gender equal countries in the world and the idea that gender equality is an intrinsic part of Iceland’s national identity, the country’s labor market is highly gender segregated. This is particularly the case in female-dominated sectors such as education and the caring professions. As a case in point men make up about 5% of nursing staff in Iceland, which is low compared to countries with similar levels of gender equality, such as the other Nordic countries. As a female-dominated profession, nursing has long been linked to vocation and altruism, where the commitment to help and care for others is considered one of the most fundamental attributes of the professions’ identity. The feminized construct of care may be a key factor in discouraging men in Iceland from entering the nursing profession. Moreover, working conditions of nurses in Iceland have been characterized by understaffing and high rates of attrition due to work-related health problems. Considering the gender imbalance in the nursing profession, the aim of this dissertation is to explore nurses’ perceptions of the interplay between their working conditions and gender equality ideals in Iceland, focusing on power relations and occupational well-being. The dissertation is based on data collected through semi-structured interviews with 31 nurses working at the National University Hospital of Iceland, 24 women and 7 men. The interviews centered on the participants’ expectations for the job and what prompted them to become nurses. Working arrangements, the impact of working conditions on their health, communication and cooperation with colleagues and supervisors and possibilities for autonomy and professional development were also topics of discussion. In the first article the theoretical approach describes the multiple and often incompatible tasks of nurses. The other two articles draw on social constructionist and poststructuralist feminist theories. Analysis of the interviews was guided by reflexive thematic analysis, and the results were presented in three articles. The first article addresses various dimensions of power dynamics in the nurses’ work, considering the demanding working conditions, interactions and cooperation with other professions and the effects of the gender imbalance. The findings reveal that the working life of the participants is characterized by deep-rooted traditions concerning gender and roles in the hospital hierarchy. As a symbol of the power imbalances and restricted autonomy which they experience, nurses’ working space and professional boundaries are spatially and symbolically neglected by other professionals. The result is the nurses feel that their professionalism is undermined. To deliver necessary professional care, they make compromises at the expense of their own health. This sometimes borders on being unethical, while the nurses seek a balance between their professional conviction and expectations of the organization. In their opinion, attracting iv more men nurses could enhance equality and positive atmosphere. Working on wards with a balanced gender ratio is for them a liberating experience. The second article focuses on effects of gender-based stereotypes on career choices and work life of the participants, in which these stereotypes turn out to have substantial influence. The women describe how they glid ‘naturally’ into nursing while the men faced that ideas of masculinity classified them as deviant. The men also had to define for themselves the content of nursing and caring to justify their place in the profession. Stereotyping also strongly influence on-the-job experiences of woman nurses, whose work contributions and knowledge tend to be less valued than those of the men nurses due to notions that associate women with weakness and submission. The woman nurses believe that men nurses can be positive role models for them in being assertive and speak their mind when they are subjected to oppressive behavior. The third article addresses how nurses’ prior expectations for the job compare to their actual work life. The findings reveal how stereotypes about feminine submission prevail on the wards where only women nurses work. Strict rules require the nurses to stay on the ward for the entire shift, resulting in gender isolation from participating in the general space of the hospital. They experience a lack of trust and support from their superiors, and that the hospital management practices put the hospital's interests above the nurses' well-being. This experience of indifference has harmful effects for nurses, their clients and many parts of society. It is a major cause of nurses leaving work and influences their experience of discrepancy between their aspirations for the job and reality of work. Most of the female participants had found it difficult to make ends meet financially and workload had negatively affected them and their families. The results from the articles indicate that the feminization of nursing as subservient helps explain the associated gender imbalance and disempowerment nurses experience at work. Attracting more men nurses could enhance gender equality but may prove difficult due to gendered stereotypes of nurses. It is also a task that requires extensive societal discussion on the power of stereotyping and the definition of gender equality. Considering the nurses' poor working conditions, hospital management must revise the occupational policy and qualification requirements of managers and supervisors. The situation may be different in other nurses’ workplaces. In this dissertation, my assumptions are that a profession’s gender equality status must be understood/examined in the context of working conditions, health protection, professional recognition, autonomy and respect. The findings indicate that the participants experience unhealthy working conditions and a lack of support from their supervisors and the hospital management. Strong hierarchical power, sustained by stereotypical essentialist ideas, limits nurses’ professional recognition. The findings also indicate that the feminization of nursing disempowers women nurses and deters men from entering the nursing profession. It can therefore be concluded that the participants do not enjoy the rights and conditions that are prerequisites for gender equality.