Geothermal areas and cancer

dc.contributorHáskóli Íslandsen_US
dc.contributorUniversity of Icelanden_US
dc.contributor.advisorVilhjálmur Rafnssonis
dc.contributor.advisoris
dc.contributor.authorKristbjornsdottir, Adalbjorg
dc.contributor.departmentLæknadeild (HÍ)en_US
dc.contributor.departmentFaculty of Medicine (UI)en_US
dc.contributor.schoolHeilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ)en_US
dc.contributor.schoolSchool of Health Sciences (UI)en_US
dc.date.accessioned2016-12-21T10:27:29Z
dc.date.available2016-12-21T10:27:29Z
dc.date.issued2016-12
dc.description.abstractBackground and aims: Previous studies in geothermal and volcanic areas have shown high risk of certain types of cancers. The aim was to study the association between residence in geothermal areas and the incidence and mortality of cancer in Iceland. Material and Methods: Studies I - IV are all population-based cohort studies. Records for individuals aged 5-64 years were obtained from the 1981 census, and they were followed through the years 1981-2013. A personal identifier was used in record linkage with nation-wide emigration, cause-of-death, and cancer registries. The exposed and reference populations were defined according to community codes, different ages of hot water supply systems, and age of bedrock. Hazard ratio, 95% confidence intervals stratified with and without cumulative years of residence were estimated in Cox-model, and different covariates were taken into account. Result: In these studies, with 33 years of follow-up, and nearly 1000 cancer cases, a high incidence was found in the population of the geothermal areas in comparison with the reference populations for all cancers combined, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, combined cancers of the lymphoid and haematopoietic tissue, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and basal cell carcinoma of the skin. In the mortality study, high mortality for breast cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, in addition to high mortality for suicide and influenza were found in the populations of geothermal areas compared with the reference populations. The cumulative years of residence increased the risk, and dose response relation was found through the degree of volcanic/geothermal activity. Requiring five years latency yielded a higher hazard ratio. Conclusion: The result indicates high cancer risk in geothermal areas. The cause for this high incidence is not known from these ecological studies. Further studies are needed on the chemical and physical content of the geothermal water and the ambient air of the areas to detect recognized or new carcinogens.en_US
dc.description.abstractInngangur: Erlendar rannsóknir hafa sýnt að búseta á jarðhita og eldfjalla svæðum tengist hærri tíðni ákveðinna tegunda krabbameina. Markmiðið var að rannsaka tengsl búsetu á jarðhitasvæðum og tíðni krabbameina á Íslandi. Efniviður og aðferðir: Í fjórum lýðgrunduðum hóprannsóknum var einstaklingum úr manntali 1981 fylgt eftir til loka árs 2013. Eftirfylgnin fór fram í Krabbameinsskrá og Dánarmeinaskrá. Viðbótarupplýsingar voru fengnar úr gagnagrunnum um reykinga venjur og barneignir. Útsettur hópur og samanburðar hópar voru skilgreindir samkvæmt sveitarfélagsnúmerum, eftir aldri hitaveitna og aldri berggrunns. Notuð var lifunargreining og áhættuhlutfall reiknað með 95% öryggismörkum með fjölþátta greiningu. Niðurstöður: Í rannsóknunum, með nærri 33 ára eftirfylgni og um 1000 krabbameins tilfellum á jarðhitasvæðum, fannst marktækt hærri tíðni vegna allra krabbameina saman, krabbameina í briskirtli, brjóstum, blöðruhálskirtli, nýrum, eitil- og blóðmyndandi vefjum, eitilæxlum öðrum en Hodgkins meinum og grunnfrumukrabbamein í húð, á jarðhitasvæðum heldur en á samanburðarsvæðum. Í dánarmeinarannsókn var aukin áhætta á að deyja vegna krabbameina í brjóstum, blöðruhálskirtli, nýrum og eitilæxlum öðrum en Hodgkins meinum, og vegna sjálfsvíga og inflúensu. Krabbameinstíðnin tengdist lengd búsetu, og einnig var krabbameinstíðnin hærri því meiri sem jarðhitavirkin var og hitaveiturnar voru eldri. Auk þessa var krabbameinstíðnin hærri þegar tekið var tillit til 5 ára hugsanlegs framleiðslutíma krabbameinanna. Ályktun: Ekki er vitað hver er orsökin fyrir hárri tíðni krabbameina á jarðhitasvæðunum á grunni þessara vistfræðilegu rannsókna. Frekari rannsókna er þörf á efna- og eðlisfræðilegum þáttum jarðhitavatns og umhverfisþátta á jarðhitasvæðum, til að athuga hvort finnast þekktir og/eða óþekktir krabbameinsvaldar sem gætu skýrt þessa háu krabbameinstíðni.
dc.description.sponsorshipThis thesis was funded by grant from the University of Iceland Research Fund and the Icelandic Centre for Researchen_US
dc.identifier.isbn9789935931979
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/161
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversity of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicineen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectGeothermal areaen_US
dc.subjectVolcanic areaen_US
dc.subjectBreast canceren_US
dc.subjectProstate canceren_US
dc.subjectBasal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)en_US
dc.subjectJarðhitien_US
dc.subjectEldfjöllen_US
dc.subjectBrjóstakrabbameinen_US
dc.subjectBlöðruhálskirtilskrabbameinen_US
dc.subjectHúðkrabbameinen_US
dc.subjectDoktorsritgerðiris
dc.titleGeothermal areas and canceren_US
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisen_US
dcterms.licenseThesis for a doctoral degree at the University of Iceland. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the copyright holderen_US

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