Áföll, vald, samskipti: Upplifun prédikarans á átakatímum í ljósi prédikunarfræði.
Dagsetning
Höfundar
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Útgefandi
University of Iceland, School of Humanities, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies
Útdráttur
Prédikunarfræði (e. homiletics) snerist löngum um undirbúning prédikunar, flutning hennar og miðlun. Á síðari árum hafa prédikunarfræðingar beint sjónum sínum að reynslu prédikarans sjálfs. Í ritgerðinni sem hér er sett fram er fengist við þau áhrif sem sjónarhóll og upplifanir prédikara hafa á prédikun. Samfélagslegar aðstæður áheyrenda eru einnig lykilþáttur í prédikunarfræðilegri umfjöllun ritgerðarinnar þar sem færð eru rök fyrir því að prédikunarfræðingar hafi almennt ekki gefið nægjanlegan gaum að þeim samfélagslegu áföllum er prédikarar og áheyrendur hafa upplifað.
Tímabilið frá lokum 20. aldar til upphafs 21. aldar voru átakatímar fyrir þjóðkirkjuna sem þurfti að fást við mál er ollu henni og þjónum hennar vandræðum. Málin sem valin voru eru ferns konar og byggja sögulega greiningu ritgerðarinnar. Ein hjúskaparlög og kirkjuleg hjónavígsla hinsegin fólks olli deilum í samfélaginu og innan þjóðkirkjunnar. Næst kemur hið svokallaða biskupsmál er hófst árið 1996 þegar tvær konur ásökuðu þáverandi biskup Ólaf Skúlason um kynferðisbrot. Þá má nefna Kristnitökuhátíð á Þingvöllum sem var gagnrýnd vegna náins samstarfs þjóðkirkjunnar við Alþingi og valdamenn í stjórnmálum. Að lokum er fjallað um efnahagshrunið á Íslandi árið 2008 sem var einstakur viðburður sem leiddi af sér samfélagslegt áfall.
Áskoranir átakatímabilsins fyrir, í og eftir hrun höfðu áhrif á hina evangelísk-lúthersku þjóðkirkju á Íslandi sem glímdi á þessu tímabili við ýmsar áskoranir af félagslegum toga. Höfundur rannsakar áhrif prédikunar á þessu tímabili og greinir áhrif þessa átakatímabils á prédikara og prédikun þeirra. Í ljósi prédikunarfræða má álykta að atburðir sem þessir geti haft áhrif á hvort tveggja, prédikara og áheyrendur þeirra. Átakatímabil vísar hér til samfélagslegra og stofnanatengdra umbreytinga sem höfðu áhrif á íslenskt samfélag, þjóðkirkju og prédikun presta á tímabilinu 1995-2015.
Rannsóknarspurning ritgerðarinnar er: Hver er upplifun presta á Íslandi af því að prédika á átakatímum í aðstæðum hruns og áfalla?
Ein af hinum stóru áskorunum ritgerðarinnar lýtur að áhrifum ólíkra tegunda valds og mögulegum áhrifum valdastöðu og misbeitingar valds á prédikun. Þessir þættir verða rannsakaðir út frá kenningum um áfallatengda prédikun. Aðrar kenningar sem ritgerðin byggir á lúta að tungutaki og samskiptum í prédikun. Í samtímanum verða samskipti prédikara við áheyrendur stöðugt flóknari, rétt eins og aðferðir til miðlunar á prédikun. Umræða í prédikunarfræði tengd hugmyndum úr síðnýlenduhyggju (e. postcolonialism) um áföll og vald hefur haft þau áhrif að nýjar rannsóknir á birtingarmyndum þessara þátta hafa fengið aukið rými.
Ritgerðin byggir á eigindlegri viðtalsrannsókn þar sem tekin voru viðtöl við átta starfandi presta innan þjóðkirkjunnar um reynslu þeirra og upplifanir í samfélagslegu áfalli efnahagshrunsins. Viðtölin eru síðan greind og túlkuð út frá áðurnefndum kenningum. Viðmælendur rannsóknarinnar, rétt eins og áheyrendur þeirra, þurftu að fást við afleiðingar áfalla í eigin lífi, starfi og prédikun. Rætt er um mál sem tengjast lykilhugtökum ritgerðarinnar og prédikun tengda þeim. Þar ber á góma málefni á borð við traust, sjálfsmat presta, texta, tungutak, túlkun, samfélagsleg álitamál og áfallaaðstæður.
Niðurstöður ritgerðarinnar benda til þess að átakatíminn ásamt samfélagslegu áfalli hruntímans hafi haft mikil áhrif á prédikara og áheyrendur þeirra. Í niðurstöðunum er að finna samsvörun við aðrar rannsóknir á reynslu prédikara af samfélagslegum áföllum. Nýsköpun þessarar ritgerðar felst í því að rannsaka reynslu íslenskra presta á umbrotatímum í sögu íslensks samfélags og þjóðkirkju.
Homiletics has primarily been concerned with research on how sermons were prepared, delivered and mediated to the audience. In the last decades, homiletics has also been engaged in research on the preacher him- or herself. Homileticians have gradually become more attentive to the social conditions, where preaching takes place, and argue that homiletics has generally not paid enough attention to the collective trauma that preachers and recipients have experienced. This dissertation focuses on the impact of the perspectives and experiences of preachers on their own preaching practice. The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century were periods of conflict for the national church of Iceland, which had to grapple with issues that caused difficulties for both the institution itself and its clergy. The cases that form the basis of the dissertation’s historical analysis begin with the debate on unified marriage legislation and the church’s solemnization of same-sex marriages. This is followed by the so-called “bishop case,” which began in 1996 when two women accused the then-bishop, Ólafur Skúlason, of sexual harassment. The celebration of millennium of Christianity in Thingvellir is addressed it was criticized because of the close cooperation between the national church, Alþingi, and political authorities. Finally, the dissertation addresses the economic collapse in Iceland in 2008, an unprecedented event that resulted in widespread social trauma. The challenges of the period of conflict before, during, and after the economic collapse had a significant impact on the national church of Iceland (ELCI), which during this time faced a range of socially rooted challenges. The author examines the role and impact of preaching during this period and analyzes how this era of conflict affected both preachers and their preaching. From the perspective of homiletical studies, it may be inferred that events of this kind can influence both preachers and their congregations. The term ,,period of conflict’’ is used to describe the broad societal and ecclesial crises that shaped the study period (1995– 2015). The research question of the study is: How do clergy in Iceland experience the act of preaching during periods of conflict marked by societal collapse and collective trauma? The theoretical framework of the dissertation is focused on various dimensions of authority, and how authority and its abuse can affect the practice of preaching. These dimensions are explored from the standpoint of trauma-related preaching. Other theoretical aspects focus on language and communication in preaching. The postcolonial discourses on trauma, power and communication have gained more attention in homiletics in recent years. The dissertation builds on qualitative interviews with eight practicing pastors in ELCI about their experience of the collective trauma under the collapse. The interviews are then analyzed and interpreted in light of the theories mentioned. Like the listeners in the pews, the interviews portray the interviewees of the study as having to deal with the consequences of collective trauma in their own lives, work and preaching. Discussions in results demonstrate the impact of these factors on listeners, preachers, and preaching. Discussions in the final chapter express the practice of preaching in times of collapse and social trauma and can be categorized as issues of trust, pastors´ self-esteem, language and interpretation, social issues, and preaching in traumatic situations. The findings of the thesis indicate that the period of conflict, together with the societal trauma of the collapse, had a significant impact on preachers and their congregations. The results show correspondence with other studies on preachers’ experiences of societal trauma. The originality of this thesis lies in its examination of the experiences of Icelandic clergy during times of upheaval in the history of Icelandic society and the national church.
Homiletics has primarily been concerned with research on how sermons were prepared, delivered and mediated to the audience. In the last decades, homiletics has also been engaged in research on the preacher him- or herself. Homileticians have gradually become more attentive to the social conditions, where preaching takes place, and argue that homiletics has generally not paid enough attention to the collective trauma that preachers and recipients have experienced. This dissertation focuses on the impact of the perspectives and experiences of preachers on their own preaching practice. The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century were periods of conflict for the national church of Iceland, which had to grapple with issues that caused difficulties for both the institution itself and its clergy. The cases that form the basis of the dissertation’s historical analysis begin with the debate on unified marriage legislation and the church’s solemnization of same-sex marriages. This is followed by the so-called “bishop case,” which began in 1996 when two women accused the then-bishop, Ólafur Skúlason, of sexual harassment. The celebration of millennium of Christianity in Thingvellir is addressed it was criticized because of the close cooperation between the national church, Alþingi, and political authorities. Finally, the dissertation addresses the economic collapse in Iceland in 2008, an unprecedented event that resulted in widespread social trauma. The challenges of the period of conflict before, during, and after the economic collapse had a significant impact on the national church of Iceland (ELCI), which during this time faced a range of socially rooted challenges. The author examines the role and impact of preaching during this period and analyzes how this era of conflict affected both preachers and their preaching. From the perspective of homiletical studies, it may be inferred that events of this kind can influence both preachers and their congregations. The term ,,period of conflict’’ is used to describe the broad societal and ecclesial crises that shaped the study period (1995– 2015). The research question of the study is: How do clergy in Iceland experience the act of preaching during periods of conflict marked by societal collapse and collective trauma? The theoretical framework of the dissertation is focused on various dimensions of authority, and how authority and its abuse can affect the practice of preaching. These dimensions are explored from the standpoint of trauma-related preaching. Other theoretical aspects focus on language and communication in preaching. The postcolonial discourses on trauma, power and communication have gained more attention in homiletics in recent years. The dissertation builds on qualitative interviews with eight practicing pastors in ELCI about their experience of the collective trauma under the collapse. The interviews are then analyzed and interpreted in light of the theories mentioned. Like the listeners in the pews, the interviews portray the interviewees of the study as having to deal with the consequences of collective trauma in their own lives, work and preaching. Discussions in results demonstrate the impact of these factors on listeners, preachers, and preaching. Discussions in the final chapter express the practice of preaching in times of collapse and social trauma and can be categorized as issues of trust, pastors´ self-esteem, language and interpretation, social issues, and preaching in traumatic situations. The findings of the thesis indicate that the period of conflict, together with the societal trauma of the collapse, had a significant impact on preachers and their congregations. The results show correspondence with other studies on preachers’ experiences of societal trauma. The originality of this thesis lies in its examination of the experiences of Icelandic clergy during times of upheaval in the history of Icelandic society and the national church.
Lýsing
Efnisorð
Sálræn áföll, Vald, Samskipti, Kirkjan, Predikanir, Doktorsritgerðir