Kynferðisleg áreitni og ofbeldi í starfs- og námsumhverfi á meðal íslenskra kvenna: Áfallasaga kvenna
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University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
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Bakgrunnur og markmið: Kynferðisleg áreitni og ofbeldi i starfs- og námsumhverfi er alvarlegt lýðheilsuvandamál sem getur haft víðtæk áhrif á heilsu og starfsferil kvenna. Þrátt fyrir vaxandi þekkingu á algengi slíkra upplifana skortir enn þýðisrannsóknir sem kanna áhættuþætti og tengsl við andlega heilsu. Markmið þessarar ritgerðar var að kanna algengi kynferðislegs ofbeldis á vinnustað meðal íslenskra kvenna, tengsl við andleg og líkamleg einkenni, og tengsl við ávísanir á lyfseðilsskyld lyfja í kjölfarið. Til að svara rannsóknarspurningunum voru gerðar þrjár rannsóknir: Rannsókn I skoðaði algengi kynferðislegs ofbeldis á vinnustað eftir lýðfræðilegum þáttum og starfsgreinum. Rannsókn II skoðaði tengsl kynferðislegs ofbeldis á vinnustað við andlega og líkamlega heilsu. Rannsókn IIIs kannaði hvort konur sem hafa orðið fyrir kynferðislegu ofbeldi á vinnustað væru líklegri til að tarshefja meðferð með þunglyndislyfjum, kvíðastillandi- og svefnlyfjum eða verkjalyfjum en konur sem ekki urðu fyrir slíkri reynslu.
Efniviður og aðferðir: Í rannsókn I og II var notast við gögn úr rannsókninni Áfallasaga kvenna sem framkvæmd var frá 1. mars 2018 til 1. júlí 2019. Þátttakendur voru íslenskar konur á aldrinum 18–69 ára sem svöruðu spurningalista á netinu sem innihélt, auk bakgrunnspurninga, spurningu um kynferðislega áreitni og ofbeldi á vinnustað (núverandi, fyrri, eða bæði) og spurningar sem sneru að andlegri líðan (t.d. PHQ-9, GAD-7, PSQI, WMH-CIDI). Í rannsókn III voru þessi gögn einnig tengd við gögn úr Lyfjagagnagrunni (þunglyndislyf, kvíðastillandi/svefnlyf og verkjalyf). Tvíkosta-, Poisson- og Cox-aðhvarfsgreiningar voru notaðar til að meta tengsl kynferðislegs ofbeldis á vinnustað við ýmsa heilsufarsþætti, þar á meðal staðlaðar mælingar á andlegri og líkamlegri heilsu, og nýjar lyfjaávísanir á lyfseðilsskyld lyf. Líkön voru leiðrétt fyrir lýðfræðilegum þáttum á borð við aldur, hjúskaparstöðu, menntun og tekjur, auk vinnutíma og áföllum í æsku eftir því sem við á í hverri rannsókn.
Niðurstöður: Alls tóku 30.403 konur þátt og var hlutfall þeirra sem luku spurningalistanum um það bil 88%. Rannsókn I: Spurningunni um útsetningu fyrir kynferðislegu ofbeldi á vinnustað var bætt við 4. maí 2018 og 15.799 konur fengu spurninguna lagða fyrir og svöruðu henni. 5.291 (33,5%) höfðu upplifað slíkt einhvern tímann, og 1.178 (7,5%) höfðu upplifað það í núverandi starfi. Núverandi áreitni/ofbeldi var algengast meðal ungra kvenna (18–24 ára: PR 3,89; 95% CI 2,66–5,71), einhleypra kvenna (PR 1,27 [CI 1,12–1,43]) og kvenna í vaktavinnu (PR 2,32 [CI 2,02–2,67]). Starfsgreinar með hæsta algengi voru meðal opinberra aðila (15,67%), kvenna í ferðaþjónustu (15,01%) og innan dómskerfis og öryggisgeira (13,56%). Samkynhneigðar og tvíkynhneigðar konur voru líklegri til að hafa orðið fyrir kynferðislegu ofbeldi á vinnustað en gagnkynhneigðar konur (PR 1,35 [CI 1,24–1,46]). Rannsókn II: Kynferðislegt ofbeldi á vinnustað tengdist auknu algengi á þunglyndi (PR 1,50), kvíða (PR 1,49), félagsfælni (PR 1,62), sjálfsskaða (PR 1,86), sjálfsvígshugsunum (PR 1,68), sjálfsvígstilraunum (PR 1,99), ofdrykkju (PR 1,10), svefnvandamálum (PR 1,41), líkamlegum einkennum (PR 1,59) og veikindafjarvistum (PR 1,20). Rannsókn III: Meðal 15.812 kvenna í langtímaeftirfylgd yfir 4,5 ár, voru nýjar lyfjaávísanir skráðar hjá 16,9% óútsettra og 20,2% útsettra fyrir þunglyndislyfjum, 17,2% vs. 20,1% fyrir kvíðastillandi/svefnlyf og 45,4% vs. 48,1% fyrir verkjalyf. Konur sem höfðu orðið fyrir kynferðislegu ofbeldi á vinnustað höfðu aukna áhættu á að fá ávísun á þunglyndislyf (HR 1,17 [CI 1,06–1,29]), kvíðastillandi/svefnlyf (HR 1,18 [CI 1,08–1,30]) og verkjalyf (HR 1,10 [CI 1,02–1,18]), þó tengslin dvínuðu eftir leiðréttingu fyrir áföll í æsku.
Ályktanir: Kynferðislegt ofbeldi á vinnustað virðist algengt meðal kvenna í norrænu velferðarsamfélagi og tengist fjölbreyttum heilsufarsvandamálum og aukinni notkun lyfseðilsskyldra lyfja. Niðurstöðurnar undirstrika mikilvægi stefnumótunar og aðgerða til að koma í veg fyrir ofbeldi á vinnustöðum og bæta öryggi og geðheilsu kvenna. Frekari rannsóknir ættu að kanna hvernig áföll í æsku móta viðkvæmni kvenna gagnvart slíkum upplifunum og áhrifum þeirra á heilsu.
Background and aim: Workplace sexual violence is a serious public health concern for women and it has been associated with wide-ranging health and occupational consequences. While evidence on the prevalence of such experiences is growing, population-based research assessing risk factors, linking workplace sexual violence to mental health, and clinically confirmed treatment outcomes remains limited. The overarching aim of this thesis was to examine the prevalence of workplace sexual violence among Icelandic women, their associations with mental and physical health symptoms, and subsequent medication prescriptions. To address this aim, three studies were conducted: Study I assessed the prevalence of workplace sexual violence by demographic factors and work sectors among Icelandic women. Study II examined the associations between workplace sexual violence and a variety of health outcomes. Study III examined whether women who have been exposed to workplace sexual violence were more likely than women without such exposure to be prescribed antidepressants, anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives, or analgesics. Materials and methods: In studies I and II, we used nationally representative data from the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort, a cross-sectional study conducted from March 1, 2018, to July 1, 2019. Participants were Icelandic women aged 18–69 years who completed an online survey, including a self-reported item on exposure to workplace sexual violence (current workplace, previous workplace, or both), defined in our study as encompassing all work sectors, academic settings, and other school environments, and questions on mental and physical health (t.d. PHQ-9, GAD-7, PSQI, WMH-CIDI). For Study III, we also obtained data on prescribed medications, antidepressants, anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives, and analgesics, from 2016 through the cohort entry at the end of 2022, via record linkage with the Icelandic Prescription Medicine Register. Binary logistics, Poisson, and Cox regression models were used to examine associations between workplace sexual violence and a range of health outcomes, including standardized measures of mental and physical health and new prescriptions for medications. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables such as age, marital status, education, and income, as well as working hours and adverse childhood experiences where appropriate. Results: Using population-based recruitment, all women aged 18–69 years residing in Iceland were invited to participate in the SAGA cohort in 2018–2019. A total of 30,403 women participated, with a questionnaire completion rate of approximately 88%. Study I: The exposure item on workplace sexual violence was added on May 4, 2018, and 15,799 women were presented with and answered the question. 5,291 (33.5%) reported having ever been exposed, and 1,178 (7.5%) reported exposure in their current workplace. Current exposure was more common among young women (age 18–24: prevalence ratio [PR] 3.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.66–5.71), single women (PR 1.27 [CI 1.12–1.43]), and shift workers (PR 2.32 [CI 2.02–2.67]). The highest prevalence rates of current exposure were observed in the following work sectors: public figures (15.67%, CI 9.34–25.12), tourism (15.01%, CI 11.01–20.13), and the legal system and security (13.56%, CI 7.00–24.66). Women belonging to sexual minorities were more likely to have ever been exposed to workplace sexual violence than heterosexual women (PR 1.35 [CI 1.24–1.46]). Study II: Having ever been exposed to workplace sexual violence was associated with a higher prevalence of depression (PR 1.50 [CI 1.41–1.60]), general anxiety (PR 1.49 [CI 1.40–1.59]), social phobia (PR 1.62 [CI 1.48–1.78]), self-harm (PR 1.86 [CI 1.53–2.28]), suicidal ideation (PR 1.68 [CI 1.44–1.68]), suicide attempts (PR 1.99 [CI 1.62–2.44]), binge drinking (PR 1.10 [CI 1.01–1.20]), severe sleep problems (PR 1.41 [CI 1.48–1.91]), physical symptoms (PR 1.59 [CI 1.48–1.70]), and sick leave (PR 1.20 [CI 1.12–1.28]). Study III: In longitudinal analyses of 15,812 women, during a mean follow-up of 4.5 years, incident prescriptions were observed in 16.9% of unexposed and 20.2% of exposed women for antidepressants, 17.2% vs. 20.1% for anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives, and 45.4% vs. 48.1% for analgesics. Women ever exposed to workplace sexual violence had an increased risk of prescription for antidepressants (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.17 [CI 1.06–1.29]), anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives (HR 1.18 [CI 1.08–1.30]), and analgesics (HR 1.10 [CI 1.02–1.18]), although associations were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for ACE. Conclusions: Workplace sexual violence appears to be a common experience among women in a Nordic welfare state and is associated with a range of adverse self-reported health outcomes, as well as increased prescription of psychotropic and analgesic medications. These findings underscore the need for public policy interventions and evidence-informed workplace strategies to prevent violence and promote women's safety and mental health. Future research should consider the role of early life adversity in shaping women's vulnerability to both exposure and its health consequences.
Background and aim: Workplace sexual violence is a serious public health concern for women and it has been associated with wide-ranging health and occupational consequences. While evidence on the prevalence of such experiences is growing, population-based research assessing risk factors, linking workplace sexual violence to mental health, and clinically confirmed treatment outcomes remains limited. The overarching aim of this thesis was to examine the prevalence of workplace sexual violence among Icelandic women, their associations with mental and physical health symptoms, and subsequent medication prescriptions. To address this aim, three studies were conducted: Study I assessed the prevalence of workplace sexual violence by demographic factors and work sectors among Icelandic women. Study II examined the associations between workplace sexual violence and a variety of health outcomes. Study III examined whether women who have been exposed to workplace sexual violence were more likely than women without such exposure to be prescribed antidepressants, anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives, or analgesics. Materials and methods: In studies I and II, we used nationally representative data from the Stress-And-Gene-Analysis (SAGA) cohort, a cross-sectional study conducted from March 1, 2018, to July 1, 2019. Participants were Icelandic women aged 18–69 years who completed an online survey, including a self-reported item on exposure to workplace sexual violence (current workplace, previous workplace, or both), defined in our study as encompassing all work sectors, academic settings, and other school environments, and questions on mental and physical health (t.d. PHQ-9, GAD-7, PSQI, WMH-CIDI). For Study III, we also obtained data on prescribed medications, antidepressants, anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives, and analgesics, from 2016 through the cohort entry at the end of 2022, via record linkage with the Icelandic Prescription Medicine Register. Binary logistics, Poisson, and Cox regression models were used to examine associations between workplace sexual violence and a range of health outcomes, including standardized measures of mental and physical health and new prescriptions for medications. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables such as age, marital status, education, and income, as well as working hours and adverse childhood experiences where appropriate. Results: Using population-based recruitment, all women aged 18–69 years residing in Iceland were invited to participate in the SAGA cohort in 2018–2019. A total of 30,403 women participated, with a questionnaire completion rate of approximately 88%. Study I: The exposure item on workplace sexual violence was added on May 4, 2018, and 15,799 women were presented with and answered the question. 5,291 (33.5%) reported having ever been exposed, and 1,178 (7.5%) reported exposure in their current workplace. Current exposure was more common among young women (age 18–24: prevalence ratio [PR] 3.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.66–5.71), single women (PR 1.27 [CI 1.12–1.43]), and shift workers (PR 2.32 [CI 2.02–2.67]). The highest prevalence rates of current exposure were observed in the following work sectors: public figures (15.67%, CI 9.34–25.12), tourism (15.01%, CI 11.01–20.13), and the legal system and security (13.56%, CI 7.00–24.66). Women belonging to sexual minorities were more likely to have ever been exposed to workplace sexual violence than heterosexual women (PR 1.35 [CI 1.24–1.46]). Study II: Having ever been exposed to workplace sexual violence was associated with a higher prevalence of depression (PR 1.50 [CI 1.41–1.60]), general anxiety (PR 1.49 [CI 1.40–1.59]), social phobia (PR 1.62 [CI 1.48–1.78]), self-harm (PR 1.86 [CI 1.53–2.28]), suicidal ideation (PR 1.68 [CI 1.44–1.68]), suicide attempts (PR 1.99 [CI 1.62–2.44]), binge drinking (PR 1.10 [CI 1.01–1.20]), severe sleep problems (PR 1.41 [CI 1.48–1.91]), physical symptoms (PR 1.59 [CI 1.48–1.70]), and sick leave (PR 1.20 [CI 1.12–1.28]). Study III: In longitudinal analyses of 15,812 women, during a mean follow-up of 4.5 years, incident prescriptions were observed in 16.9% of unexposed and 20.2% of exposed women for antidepressants, 17.2% vs. 20.1% for anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives, and 45.4% vs. 48.1% for analgesics. Women ever exposed to workplace sexual violence had an increased risk of prescription for antidepressants (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.17 [CI 1.06–1.29]), anxiolytics/hypnotics/sedatives (HR 1.18 [CI 1.08–1.30]), and analgesics (HR 1.10 [CI 1.02–1.18]), although associations were no longer statistically significant after adjustment for ACE. Conclusions: Workplace sexual violence appears to be a common experience among women in a Nordic welfare state and is associated with a range of adverse self-reported health outcomes, as well as increased prescription of psychotropic and analgesic medications. These findings underscore the need for public policy interventions and evidence-informed workplace strategies to prevent violence and promote women's safety and mental health. Future research should consider the role of early life adversity in shaping women's vulnerability to both exposure and its health consequences.
Lýsing
Efnisorð
Konur, Heilsufar, Lyf, Workplace sexual harassmen, Prescription medication, Women, Women, Women