N-Alkyl, N-Acyl, and Triazolyl Derivatives of Chitosan: Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties
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University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Úrdráttur
Kítósan er líffjölliða sem virk gegn örverum og hefur jafnframt marga aðra
ákjósanlega eiginleika eins og lífsamræmanleika og lífniðurbrotshæfni jafnframt
því að vera óeitruð. Kítósan og afleiður þess hafa mikið verið rannsakaðar sem
bakteríudrepandi efni en þrátt fyrir það er þekking á sambandi byggingar og
virkni takmörkuð. Í byrjun miðaði doktorsverkefnið að þvi að skilgreina samband
byggingar og virkni fyrir nokkar vel þekktar afleiður kítósans. Í framhaldinu voru
nýjar smellefnafræðiaðferðir fyrir smíðið kítosanafleiða og konjúgata þróaðar og
notaðar til að smíða nýja gerð fjölliða sem einnig voru rannsakaðar og samband
byggingar og virkni ákvarðað.
Fyrsti hluti rannsóknarinnar beindist að því að skilgreina vel samband byggingar
og bakteríudrepandi virkni fyrir vel þekktar og mikið notaðar kítósanafleiður og
flokka þær eftir notagildi. Katjónískar (TACin, TMCNH2/TM, TMCTM/DM og HTCC),
anjónísk (CMC) og óhlaðnar (HPC og TGC) afleiður voru smíðaðar út frá
kítósan og TBDMS-kítósan byrjunarefnum. Allar þessar afleiður voru efnagreindar
með 1H NMR og FT-IR til að ákvarða byggingu og með gelsúluskiljun (GPC) til
að ákvarða mólþunga. Kítósanafleiðurnar voru smíðaðar með mismunandi
hlutföllum af hvarfefnum þannig að myndefnin voru með setni (DS) frá 0,02 til
1,1. Virkni geng S. aureus, E. coli, og P. aeruginosa var ákörðuð við pH 7,2 og
5,5. Katjónísku afleiðurnar voru virkastar gegn þessum bakteríum sérstaklega við
pH 7,2. Samband mill virkni og setni (DS) var líka jákvætt fyrir TACin, TMCNH2/TM,
og TMCTM/DM. HPC, sem var með óhlaðinn sethóp, var minna virkt og í því tilviki
var neikvætt samband milli virkni og setni. CMC, sem var með anjónískan
sethóp, var óvirkt gegn bakteríunum.
Núorðið er æ algengara að nota kopar hvataða azíð-alkýn-hringálagningar
(CuAAC) smellefnafræði til að smíða ýmiskonar lífefnakonjúgöt, þar með talið
kítósan-konjúgöt. Annar hluti doktorsverkefnisins miðaði að því að hanna og
smíða nýja gerð kítósanafleiða (kítótríazólan) þar sem öllum C-2 fyrstu gráðu
amínóhópunum hefur verið umbreytt í 1,2,3-tríazól hópa. Amínóhópunum í
kítósani var fyrst umbreytt í azíð sem voru svo hvörfuð við endastöðu-alkýn í
viðurvist Cu (II) hvata og natríum askorbats. Hlutfall umbreytingar azíðs í 1,2,3-
tríazól var meira en 90%. Virkni gegn bakteríunum S. aureus og E. coli var mæld
við pH 7.2. Tvö katjónísk kítótríazólan efni reyndust talsvert virk (lægsta MIC =
64 µg/mL) en anjónísk kítotríazólan efni voru ekki virk gegn bakteríum. Þessi smellefnafræðiaðferð var líka notuð til að umbreyta fyrstu gráðu
amínóhópum í hlutsetnum algengum kítósanafleiðum (TMC, TAC, HTC, HPC,
and CMC) í tríazól. Virkni þessara blönduðu kítótríazólanefna gegn S. aureus, E.
faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa við pH 7,2 var einnig mæld. Katjónísk
kítótríazólanefnin og blönduð kítótríazólanefnin voru virk gegn bakteríunum, öll
nema blönduð kítótríazólan afleidd af CMC, sem skorti virkni. CuAAC hvarfið var
einnig notað til að smíða níu vatnsleysanleg kítótríazólanefni með mismunandi
katjóníska eða basíska hópa. Metýlimidazól-któtrízólan afleiðan var virkust (lægsta
MIC = 256 µg/mL) gegn bakteríunum.
Lokahluti rannsóknarinar hafði það markmið að nota smellefnafræðiaðferðina til
að tengja örverudrepandi peptíð við kítósan. CRAMP-18 peptíð sem innhélt
endastæðan alkýn hóp var smíðað. Kítósan-azíð og HPC-azíð voru smíðuð með
lága setni azíðhópa, og smellefnafræðiaðferðin notuð til að tengja CRAMP-18
peptíðið við fjölliðuna. Þessi konjúgöt voru mun virkari geng gram-neikvæðum
bakteríum en gegn gram-jákvæðum bakteríum.
Chitosan is a biopolymer with significant antimicrobial activity and many attractive properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Chitosan and its derivatives have been widely studied as promising new antibacterial agents, but the relationship between structure and activity is still poorly understood. The Ph.D. project first sought to map the structureantibacterial activity relationship for common and well-known chitosan derivatives. New “click chemistry” based procedures for the synthesis of derivatives and conjugates were then developed, and these novel polymeric compounds were used for further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. The first part of the research focused on establishing the SAR for some of the more widely used chitosan derivatives and trying to rank them according to activity and utility. Cationic trimethylated (TACin, TMCNH2/TM, TMCTM/DM, and HTCC), anionic (CMC) neutral (HPC), and TGC chitosans were synthesized using chitosan and TBDMS chitosan as precursors. All these derivatives are characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR to determine the structure, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to determine the molecular weight. The chitosan derivatives were synthesized with different reagent ratios to give products with degree substitution (DS) ranging from 0.02 to 1.1. Most of these derivatives displayed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa at pH 7.2 and 5.5. Cationic derivatives were most active against these bacteria, especially at pH 7.2. The relationship with DS was also positive for TACin, TMCNH2/TM, and TMCTM/DM. HPC, which has a neutral substituent, was less active and had a negative relationship with DS. CMC, which has an anionic substituent, was inactive against the bacteria. Nowadays, it is increasingly common to use copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click chemistry” to prepare bioconjugates, including chitosan derivatives and conjugates. The second part of the thesis work focused on designing and synthesizing a new class of chitosan derivatives where all C-2 primary amino groups have been converted to aromatic 1,2,3-triazoles (Chitotriazolan). The chitosan amines were converted to azides and reacted with terminal alkynes in the presence of Cu (II) catalyst and sodium ascorbate. The conversion of the azide to 1,2,3-triazole was more than 90%. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli at pH 7.2. Two cationic chitotriazolans exhibited (lowest MIC = 64 µg/mL) antibacterial activity, whereas the anionic chitotriazolans were inactive. The click chemistry strategies were used to convert primary amino groups of partially substituted common chitosan derivatives (TMC, TAC, HTC, HPC, and CMC) to triazole and thus obtain mixed chitotriazolans. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa at pH 7.2. The cationic chitotriazolans and mixed chitoriazolans were active against bacteria, except chitotriazolan derived from CMC, which lacked activity. In addition to preparing water-soluble chitosan derivatives, the CuAAC reaction was further used to synthesize nine chitotriazolans with various quaternary and basic protonable functional groups. These chitotriazolan derivatives were soluble in water. The methylimidazole-chitotriazolan derivative showed significant activity (lowest MIC = 256 µg/mL) against all bacteria and was generally the most active derivative. The final part of the research for the thesis focused on the conjugation of antimicrobial peptides onto the chitosan backbone using the click chemistry procedure. The CRAMP-18 peptide was synthesized with a terminal alkyne group. Chitosan azide and HPC azide were prepared with a low degree of azidation, and a click reaction was performed with the modified CRAMP-18 peptide. The antimicrobial peptide chitosan conjugates were more active against gram-negative bacteria, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa than gram-positive bacteria.
Chitosan is a biopolymer with significant antimicrobial activity and many attractive properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Chitosan and its derivatives have been widely studied as promising new antibacterial agents, but the relationship between structure and activity is still poorly understood. The Ph.D. project first sought to map the structureantibacterial activity relationship for common and well-known chitosan derivatives. New “click chemistry” based procedures for the synthesis of derivatives and conjugates were then developed, and these novel polymeric compounds were used for further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. The first part of the research focused on establishing the SAR for some of the more widely used chitosan derivatives and trying to rank them according to activity and utility. Cationic trimethylated (TACin, TMCNH2/TM, TMCTM/DM, and HTCC), anionic (CMC) neutral (HPC), and TGC chitosans were synthesized using chitosan and TBDMS chitosan as precursors. All these derivatives are characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR to determine the structure, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to determine the molecular weight. The chitosan derivatives were synthesized with different reagent ratios to give products with degree substitution (DS) ranging from 0.02 to 1.1. Most of these derivatives displayed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa at pH 7.2 and 5.5. Cationic derivatives were most active against these bacteria, especially at pH 7.2. The relationship with DS was also positive for TACin, TMCNH2/TM, and TMCTM/DM. HPC, which has a neutral substituent, was less active and had a negative relationship with DS. CMC, which has an anionic substituent, was inactive against the bacteria. Nowadays, it is increasingly common to use copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click chemistry” to prepare bioconjugates, including chitosan derivatives and conjugates. The second part of the thesis work focused on designing and synthesizing a new class of chitosan derivatives where all C-2 primary amino groups have been converted to aromatic 1,2,3-triazoles (Chitotriazolan). The chitosan amines were converted to azides and reacted with terminal alkynes in the presence of Cu (II) catalyst and sodium ascorbate. The conversion of the azide to 1,2,3-triazole was more than 90%. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli at pH 7.2. Two cationic chitotriazolans exhibited (lowest MIC = 64 µg/mL) antibacterial activity, whereas the anionic chitotriazolans were inactive. The click chemistry strategies were used to convert primary amino groups of partially substituted common chitosan derivatives (TMC, TAC, HTC, HPC, and CMC) to triazole and thus obtain mixed chitotriazolans. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa at pH 7.2. The cationic chitotriazolans and mixed chitoriazolans were active against bacteria, except chitotriazolan derived from CMC, which lacked activity. In addition to preparing water-soluble chitosan derivatives, the CuAAC reaction was further used to synthesize nine chitotriazolans with various quaternary and basic protonable functional groups. These chitotriazolan derivatives were soluble in water. The methylimidazole-chitotriazolan derivative showed significant activity (lowest MIC = 256 µg/mL) against all bacteria and was generally the most active derivative. The final part of the research for the thesis focused on the conjugation of antimicrobial peptides onto the chitosan backbone using the click chemistry procedure. The CRAMP-18 peptide was synthesized with a terminal alkyne group. Chitosan azide and HPC azide were prepared with a low degree of azidation, and a click reaction was performed with the modified CRAMP-18 peptide. The antimicrobial peptide chitosan conjugates were more active against gram-negative bacteria, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa than gram-positive bacteria.
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Efnisorð
Chitosan, Lyfjafræði, Doktorsritgerðir, Kítósan