Many factors may contribute to loss of current efficiency (CE) in aluminum reduction and one of them is a presence of impurities. In this work, the effect of phosphorus on CE is studied in a laboratory cell at different current densities. Due to a ...

Molecular dynamics simulations, with full Coulomb interaction, are used to model short-pulse photoemission from a finite area in a microdiode. We demonstrate three emission regimes, source-limited emission, space-charge-limited emission for short pulses, ...