Háskólinn í ReykjavíkReykjavik UniversityVos, TheoAbajobir, Amanuel AlemuAbate, Kalkidan HassenAbbafati, CristianaAbbas, Kaja MAbd-Allah, FoadAbdulkader, Rizwan SuliankatchiAbdulle, Abdishakur MAbebo, Teshome AbukaAbera, Semaw FeredeAboyans, VictorAbu-Raddad, Laith JAckerman, Ilana NAdamu, Abdu AbdullahiAdetokunboh, OlatunjiAfarideh, MohsenAfshin, AshkanAgarwal, Sanjay KumarAggarwal, RakeshAgrawal, AnuragAgrawal, SutapaAhmadieh, HamidAhmed, Muktar BeshirAichour, Miloud Taki EddineAichour, Amani NidhalAichour, IbtihelAiyar, SnehaAkinyemi, Rufus OlusolaAkseer, NadiaAl Lami, Faris HasanAlahdab, FaresAl-Aly, ZiyadAlam, KhurshidAlam, NooreAlam, TahiyaAlasfoor, DeenaAlene, Kefyalew AddisAli, RaghibAlizadeh-Navaei, RezaAlkerwi, Ala'aAlla, FrançoisAllebeck, PeterAllen, ChristineAl-Maskari, FatmaAl-Raddadi, RajaaAlsharif, UbaiAlsowaidi, ShirinaAltirkawi, Khalid AAmare, Azmeraw TAmini, ErfanAmmar, WalidAmoako, Yaw AmpemAndersen, Hjalte HAntonio, Carl Abelardo TAnwari, PalwashaÄrnlöv, JohanArtaman, AlAryal, Krishna KumarAsayesh, HamidAsgedom, Solomon WAssadi, RezaAtey, Tesfay MehariAtnafu, Niguse TadeleAtre, Sachin RAvila-Burgos, LeticiaAvokphako, Euripide Frinel G ArthurAwasthi, AshishBacha, UmarBadawi, AlaaBalakrishnan, KalpanaBanerjee, AmitavaBannick, Marlena SBarac, AleksandraBarber, Ryan MBarker-Collo, Suzanne LBärnighausen, TillBarquera, SimonBarregard, LarsBarrero, Lope HBasu, SanjayBattista, BobBattle, Katherine EBaune, Bernhard TBazargan-Hejazi, ShahrzadBeardsley, JustinBedi, NeerajBeghi, EttoreBéjot, YannickBekele, Bayu BegashawBell, Michelle LBennett, Derrick ABensenor, Isabela MBenson, JenniferBerhane, AdugnawBerhe, Derbew FikaduBernabé, EduardoBetsu, Balem DemtsuBeuran, MirceaBeyene, Addisu ShunuBhala, NeerajBhansali, AnilBhatt, SamirBhutta, Zulfiqar ABiadgilign, SibhatuBicer, Burcu KucukBienhoff, KellyBikbov, BorisBirungi, CharlesBiryukov, StanBisanzio, DonalBizuayehu, Habtamu MellieBoneya, Dube JaraBoufous, SoufianeBourne, Rupert R ABrazinova, AlexandraBrugha, Traolach SBuchbinder, RachelleBulto, Lemma Negesa BultoBumgarner, Blair RButt, Zahid ACahuana-Hurtado, LuceroCameron, EwanCar, MateCarabin, HélèneCarapetis, Jonathan RCárdenas, RosarioCarpenter, David OCarrero, Juan JesusCarter, AustinCarvalho, FelixCasey, Daniel CCaso, ValeriaCastañeda-Orjuela, Carlos ACastle, Chris DCatalá-López, FerránChang, Hsing-YiChang, Jung-ChenCharlson, Fiona JChen, HongleiChibalabala, MirriamChibueze, Chioma EzinneChisumpa, Vesper HichilombweChitheer, Abdulaal AChristopher, Devasahayam JesudasCiobanu, Liliana GCirillo, MassimoColombara, DannyCooper, CyrusCortesi, Paolo AngeloCriqui, Michael HCrump, John ADadi, Abel FekaduDalal, KoustuvDandona, LalitDandona, Rakhidas Neves, JoséDavitoiu, Dragos Vde Courten, BarboraDe Leo, Diego DeDefo, Barthelemy KuateDegenhardt, LouisaDeiparine, SelinaDellavalle, Robert PDeribe, KebedeDes Jarlais, Don CDey, SubhojitDharmaratne, Samath DDhillon, Preet KaurDicker, DanielDing, Eric LDjalalinia, ShirinDo, Huyen PhucDorsey, E Raydos Santos, Kadine Priscila BenderDouwes-Schultz, DirkDoyle, Kerrie EDriscoll, Tim RDubey, ManishaDuncan, Bruce BartholowEl-Khatib, Ziad ZiadEllerstrand, JerishaEnayati, AhmadaliEndries, Aman YesufErmakov, Sergey PetrovichErskine, Holly EEshrati, BabakEskandarieh, ShararehEsteghamati, AlirezaEstep, KaraFanuel, Fanuel Belayneh BekeleFarinha, Carla Sofia E SaFaro, AndréFarzadfar, FarshadFazeli, Mir SohailFeigin, Valery LFereshtehnejad, Seyed-MohammadFernandes, João CFerrari, Alize JFeyissa, Tesfaye RegassaFilip, IrinaFischer, FlorianFitzmaurice, ChristinaFlaxman, Abraham DFlor, Luisa SorioFoigt, NataliyaForeman, Kyle JFranklin, Richard CFullman, NancyFürst, ThomasFurtado, Joao MFutran, Neal DGakidou, EmmanuelaGanji, MorsalehGarcia-Basteiro, Alberto LGebre, TeshomeGebrehiwot, Tsegaye TeweldeGeleto, AyeleGemechu, Bikila LenchaGesesew, Hailay AbrhaGething, Peter WGhajar, AlirezaGibney, Katherine BGill, Paramjit SinghGillum, Richard FGinawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem MohamedGiref, 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SureshMehndiratta, Man MohanMekonnen, Tefera ChaneMemiah, PeterMemish, Ziad AMendoza, WalterMengistie, Mubarek AberaMengistu, Desalegn TadeseMensah, George AMeretoja, Tuomo JMeretoja, AtteMezgebe, Haftay BerhaneMicha, RenataMillear, AnoushkaMiller, Ted RMills, Edward JMirarefin, MojdeMirrakhimov, Erkin MMisganaw, AwokeMishra, Shiva RajMitchell, Philip BMohammad, Karzan AbdulmuhsinMohammadi, AlirezaMohammed, Kedir EndrisMohammed, ShafiuMohanty, Sanjay KMokdad, Ali HMollenkopf, Sarah KMonasta, LorenzoMontico, MarcellaMoradi-Lakeh, MaziarMoraga, PaulaMori, RintaroMorozoff, ChloeMorrison, Shane DMoses, MarkMountjoy-Venning, CliffMruts, Kalayu BirhaneMueller, Ulrich OMuller, KateMurdoch, Michele EMurthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata SatyanarayanaMusa, Kamarul ImranNachega, Jean BNagel, GabrieleNaghavi, MohsenNaheed, AliyaNaidoo, Kovin SNaldi, LuigiNangia, VinayNatarajan, GopalakrishnanNegasa, Dumessa EdessaNegoi, Ruxandra IrinaNegoi, IonutNewton, Charles RNgunjiri, Josephine WanjikuNguyen, Trang HuyenNguyen, Quyen LeNguyen, Cuong TatNguyen, GrantNguyen, MinhNichols, EmmaNingrum, Dina Nur AnggrainiNolte, SandraNong, Vuong MinhNorrving, BoNoubiap, Jean Jacques NO'Donnell, Martin JOgbo, Felix AkpojeneOh, In-HwanOkoro, AnselmOladimeji, OlanrewajuOlagunju, Tinuke OluwasefunmiOlagunju, Andrew ToyinOlsen, Helen EOlusanya, Bolajoko OlubukunolaOlusanya, Jacob OlusegunOng, KanyinOpio, John NelsonOren, EyalOrtiz, AlbertoOsgood-Zimmerman, AaronOsman, MajdiOwolabi, Mayowa OPA, MaheshPacella, Rosana EPana, AdrianPanda, Basant KumarPapachristou, ChristinaPark, Eun-KeeParry, Charles DParsaeian, MahboubehPatten, Scott BPatton, George CPaulson, KatherinePearce, NeilPereira, David MPerico, NorbertoPesudovs, KonradPeterson, Carrie BethPetzold, MaxPhillips, Michael RobertPigott, David MPillay, Julian DavidPinho, ChristinePlass, DietrichPletcher, Martin APopova, SvetlanaPoulton, Richie GPourmalek, FarshadPrabhakaran, DorairajPrasad, Noela MPrasad, NarayanPurcell, CarrieQorbani, MostafaQuansah, ReginaldQuintanilla, Beatriz Paulina AyalaRabiee, Rynaz H SRadfar, AmirRafay, AnwarRahimi, KazemRahimi-Movaghar, AfarinRahimi-Movaghar, VafaRahman, Mohammad Hifz UrRahman, MahfuzarRai, Rajesh KumarRajsic, SasaRam, UshaRanabhat, Chhabi LalRankin, ZaneRao, Puja CRao, Paturi VishnupriyaRawaf, SalmanRay, Sarah EReiner, Robert CReinig, NikolasReitsma, Marissa BRemuzzi, GiuseppeRenzaho, Andre M NResnikoff, SergeRezaei, SatarRibeiro, Antonio LRonfani, LucaRoshandel, GholamrezaRoth, Gregory ARoy, AmbujRubagotti, EnricoRuhago, George MugambageSaadat, SoheilSadat, NafisSafdarian, MahdiSafi, SareSafiri, SaeidSagar, RajeshSahathevan, RameshSalama, JosephSaleem, Huda Omer BaSalomon, Joshua ASalvi, Sundeep SantoshSamy, Abdallah MSanabria, Juan RSantomauro, DamianSantos, Itamar SSantos, João VascoSantric Milicevic, Milena MSartorius, BennSatpathy, MaheswarSawhney, MonikaSaxena, SoniaSchmidt, Maria InêsSchneider, Ione J CSchöttker, BenSchwebel, David CSchwendicke, FalkSeedat, SorayaSepanlou, Sadaf GServan-Mori, Edson ESetegn, TesfayeShackelford, Katya AnneShaheen, AmiraShaikh, Masood AliShamsipour, MansourShariful Islam, Sheikh MohammedSharma, JayendraSharma, RajeshShe, JunShi, PeilinShields, ChloeShifa, Girma TemamShigematsu, MikaShinohara, YukitoShiri, RahmanShirkoohi, RezaShirude, ShreyaShishani, KawkabShrime, Mark GSibai, Abla MehioSigfúsdóttir, Inga DóraSilva, Diego Augusto SantosSilva, João PedroSilveira, Dayane Gabriele AlvesSingh, Jasvinder ASingh, Narinder PalSinha, Dhirendra NarainSkiadaresi, EiriniSkirbekk, VegardSlepak, Erica LeighSligar, AmberSmith, David LSmith, MariSobaih, Badr H ASobngwi, EugeneSorensen, Reed J DSousa, Tatiane Cristina MoraesSposato, Luciano ASreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar TSrinivasan, VinayStanaway, Jeffrey DStathopoulou, VasilikiSteel, NicholasStein, Murray BStein, Dan JSteiner, Timothy JSteiner, CaitlynSteinke, SabineStokes, Mark AndrewStovner, Lars JacobStrub, BryanSubart, MichelleSufiyan, Muawiyyah BabaleSunguya, Bruno FSur, Patrick JSwaminathan, SoumyaSykes, Bryan LSylte, Dillon OTabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelTaffere, Getachew RedaeTakala, Jukka STandon, NikhilTavakkoli, MohammadTaveira, NunoTaylor, Hugh RTehrani-Banihashemi, ArashTekelab, TesfalidetTerkawi, Abdullah SuliemanTesfaye, Dawit JemberTesssema, BelayThamsuwan, OrnwipaThomas, Katie EThrift, Amanda GTiruye, Tenaw YimerTobe-Gai, RuoyanTollanes, Mette CTonelli, MarcelloTopor-Madry, RomanTortajada, MiguelTouvier, MathildeTran, Bach XuanTripathi, SuryakantTroeger, ChristopherTruelsen, ThomasTsoi, DerrickTuem, Kald BeshirTuzcu, Emin MuratTyrovolas, StefanosUkwaja, Kingsley NUndurraga, Eduardo AUneke, Chigozie JesseUpdike, RachelUthman, Olalekan AUzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudivan Boven, Job F MVarughese, SantoshVasankari, TommiVenkatesh, SVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyVidavalur, RameshViolante, Francesco SVladimirov, Sergey KVlassov, Vasiliy VictorovichVollset, Stein EmilWadilo, FisehaWakayo, TolassaWang, Yuan-PangWeaver, MarciaWeichenthal, ScottWeiderpass, ElisabeteWeintraub, Robert GWerdecker, AndreaWesterman, RonnyWhiteford, Harvey AWijeratne, TissaWiysonge, Charles SheyWolfe, Charles D AWoodbrook, RachelWoolf, Anthony DWorkicho, AbdulhalikXavier, DenisXu, GelinYadgir, SimonYaghoubi, MohsenYakob, BereketYan, Lijing LYano, YuichiroYe, PengpengYimam, Hassen HamidYip, PaulYonemoto, NaohiroYoon, Seok-JunYotebieng, MarcelYounis, Mustafa ZZaidi, ZoubidaZaki, Maysaa El SayedZegeye, Elias AsfawZenebe, Zerihun MenlkalewZhang, XueyingZhou, MaigengZipkin, BenZodpey, SanjayZuhlke, Liesl JoannaMurray, Christopher J L2020-02-242020-02-242017-09-16Vos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Ackerman, I. N., Adamu, A. A., Adetokunboh, O., Afarideh, M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, S. K., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, A., … Murray, C. J. L. (2017). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390(10100), 1211–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-20140-67361474-547X (eISSN)https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1546Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57.6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40.8-75.9 million [7.2%, 6.0-8.3]), 45.1 million (29.0-62.8 million [5.6%, 4.0-7.2]), 36.3 million (25.3-50.9 million [4.5%, 3.8-5.3]), 34.7 million (23.0-49.6 million [4.3%, 3.5-5.2]), and 34.1 million (23.5-46.0 million [4.2%, 3.2-5.3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2.7% (95% UI 2.3-3.1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10.4% (95% UI 9.0-11.8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-todate information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.1211-1259eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessWorld healthPublic health systemsHealth serviceHealth careSocioeconomic factorsMenWomenPeople with disabilitiesOlder peopleAge disdtributionPopulation agingPopulation growthDiseasesWounds and injuriesRespiratory infectionsDental cariesMortalityHeilsufarÞjóðirLýðfræðiFélagshagfræðiTölfræðiStaðtölurHeilbrigðiskerfiHeilbrigðisstefnaHeilbrigðisþjónustaHeilsugæslaKarlarKonurFatlaðirAldraðirMannfjöldiLanglífiFólksfjölgunSjúkdómarÁverkarBakverkirÖndunarfærasjúkdómarTannskemmdirDánarmeinDánartíðniSálfræðiPsychologyGlobal burden of disease/statistics and numerical dataHealth policyCause of death/trendsLow back paininfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleThe Lancet10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2