Háskólinn í ReykjavíkReykjavik UniversityWang, HaidongAbajobir, Amanuel AlemuAbate, Kalkidan HassenAbbafati, CristianaAbbas, Kaja MAbd-Allah, FoadAbera, Semaw FeredeAbraha, Haftom NiguseAbu-Raddad, Laith JAbu-Rmeileh, Niveen M EAdedeji, Isaac AkinkunmiAdedoyin, Rufus AdesojiAdetifa, Ifedayo Morayo OAdetokunboh, OlatunjiAfshin, AshkanAggarwal, RakeshAgrawal, AnuragAgrawal, SutapaAhmad Kiadaliri, AliasgharAhmed, Muktar BeshirAichour, Miloud Taki EddineAichour, Amani NidhalAichour, IbthielAiyar, SnehaAkanda, Ali ShafqatAkinyemiju, Tomi FAkseer, NadiaAl Lami, Faris HasanAlabed, SamerAlahdab, FaresAl-Aly, ZiyadAlam, KhurshidAlam, NooreAlasfoor, DeenaAldridge, Robert WilliamAlene, Kefyalew AddisAl-Eyadhy, AymanAlhabib, SamiaAli, RaghibAlizadeh-Navaei, RezaAljunid, Syed MAlkaabi, Juma MAlkerwi, Ala'aAlla, FrançoisAllam, Shalini DAllebeck, PeterAl-Raddadi, RajaaAlsharif, UbaiAltirkawi, Khalid AAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAmare, Azmeraw TAmeh, Emmanuel AAmini, ErfanAmmar, WalidAmoako, Yaw AmpemAnber, NahlaAndrei, Catalina LilianaAndroudi, SofiaAnsari, HosseinAnsha, Mustafa GeletoAntonio, Carl Abelardo TAnwari, PalwashaÄrnlöv, JohanArora, MeghaArtaman, AlAryal, Krishna KumarAsayesh, HamidAsgedom, Solomon WeldegebrealAsghar, Rana JawadAssadi, RezaAssaye, Ashagre MollaAtey, Tesfay MehariAtre, Sachin RAvila-Burgos, LeticiaAvokpaho, Euripide Frinel G ArthurAwasthi, AshishBabalola, Tesleem KayodeBacha, UmarBadawi, AlaaBalakrishnan, KalpanaBalalla, ShivanthiBarac, AleksandraBarber, Ryan MBarboza, Miguel ABarker-Collo, Suzanne LBärnighausen, TillBarquera, SimonBarregard, LarsBarrero, Lope HBaune, Bernhard TBazargan-Hejazi, ShahrzadBedi, NeerajBeghi, EttoreBéjot, YannickBekele, Bayu BegashawBell, Michelle LBello, Aminu KBennett, Derrick ABennett, James RBensenor, Isabela MBenson, JenniferBerhane, AdugnawBerhe, Derbew FikaduBernabé, EduardoBeuran, MirceaBeyene, Addisu ShunuBhala, NeerajBhansali, AnilBhaumik, SoumyadeepBhutta, Zulfiqar ABicer, Burcu KucukBidgoli, Hassan HaghparastBikbov, BorisBirungi, CharlesBiryukov, StanBisanzio, DonalBizuayehu, Habtamu MellieBjerregaard, PeterBlosser, Christopher DBoneya, Dube JaraBoufous, SoufianeBourne, Rupert R ABrazinova, AlexandraBreitborde, Nicholas J KBrenner, HermannBrugha, Traolach SBukhman, GeneBulto, Lemma Negesa BultoBumgarner, Blair RandalBurch, MichaelButt, Zahid ACahill, Leah ECahuana-Hurtado, LuceroCampos-Nonato, Ismael RicardoCar, JosipCar, MateCárdenas, RosarioCarpenter, David OCarrero, Juan JesusCarter, AustinCastañeda-Orjuela, Carlos ACastro, Franz FCastro, Ruben EstanislaoCatalá-López, FerránChen, HongleiChiang, Peggy Pei-ChiaChibalabala, MirriamChisumpa, Vesper HichilombweChitheer, Abdulaal AChoi, Jee-Young JasmineChristensen, HanneChristopher, Devasahayam JesudasCiobanu, Liliana GCirillo, MassimoCohen, Aaron JColquhoun, Samantha MCoresh, JosefCriqui, Michael HCromwell, Elizabeth ACrump, John ADandona, LalitDandona, RakhiDargan, Paul Idas Neves, JoséDavey, GailDavitoiu, Dragos VDavletov, Kairatde Courten, BarboraDe Leo, DiegoDegenhardt, LouisaDeiparine, SelinaDellavalle, Robert PDeribe, KebedeDeribew, AmareDes Jarlais, Don CDey, SubhojitDharmaratne, Samath DDherani, Mukesh KDiaz-Torné, CesarDing, Eric LDixit, PriyankaDjalalinia, ShirinDo, Huyen PhucDoku, David TeyeDonnelly, Christl Anndos Santos, Kadine Priscila BenderDouwes-Schultz, DirkDriscoll, Tim RDuan, LeileiDubey, ManishaDuncan, Bruce BartholowDwivedi, Laxmi KantEbrahimi, HedyehEl Bcheraoui, CharbelEllingsen, Christian LyckeEnayati, AhmadaliEndries, Aman YesufErmakov, Sergey PetrovichEshetie, SetegnEshrati, BabakEskandarieh, ShararehEsteghamati, AlirezaEstep, KaraFanuel, Fanuel Belayneh BekeleFaro, AndréFarvid, Maryam SFarzadfar, FarshadFeigin, Valery LFereshtehnejad, Seyed-MohammadFernandes, Jefferson GFernandes, João CFeyissa, Tesfaye RegassaFilip, IrinaFischer, FlorianFoigt, NataliyaForeman, Kyle JFrank, TahviFranklin, Richard CFraser, MayaFriedman, JosephFrostad, Joseph JFullman, NancyFürst, ThomasFurtado, Joao MFutran, Neal DGakidou, EmmanuelaGambashidze, KetevanGamkrelidze, AmiranGankpé, Fortuné GbètohoGarcia-Basteiro, Alberto LGebregergs, Gebremedhin BerheGebrehiwot, Tsegaye TeweldeGebrekidan, Kahsu GebrekirstosGebremichael, Mengistu WeldayGelaye, Amha AdmasieGeleijnse, Johanna MGemechu, Bikila LenchaGemechu, Kasiye ShiferawGenova-Maleras, RicardGesesew, Hailay AbrhaGething, Peter WGibney, Katherine BGill, Paramjit SinghGillum, Richard FGiref, Ababi ZergawGirma, Bedilu WejiGiussani, GiorgiaGoenka, ShifalikaGomez, BeatrizGona, Philimon NGopalani, Sameer ValiGoulart, Alessandra CarvalhoGraetz, NicholasGugnani, Harish ChanderGupta, Prakash CGupta, RahulGupta, RajeevGupta, TanushGupta, VipinHaagsma, Juanita AHafezi-Nejad, NimaHakuzimana, AlexHalasa, Yara AHamadeh, Randah RibhiHambisa, Mitiku TeshomeHamidi, SamerHammami, MouhanadHancock, JamieHandal, Alexis JHankey, Graeme JHao, YuantaoHarb, Hilda LHareri, Habtamu AberaHarikrishnan, SivadasanpillaiHaro, Josep MariaHassanvand, Mohammad SadeghHavmoeller, RasmusHay, Roderick JHay, Simon IHe, FeiHeredia-Pi, Ileana BeatrizHerteliu, ClaudiuHilawe, Esayas HaregotHoek, Hans WHorita, NobuyukiHosgood, H DeanHostiuc, SorinHotez, Peter JHoy, Damian GHsairi, MohamedHtet, Aung SoeHu, GuoqingHuang, John JHuang, HsiangIburg, Kim MoesgaardIgumbor, Ehimario UcheIleanu, Bogdan VasileInoue, ManamiIrenso, Asnake ArarsaIrvine, Caleb M SIslam, Sheikh Mohammed SharifulIslam, NazrulJacobsen, Kathryn HJaenisch, ThomasJahanmehr, NaderJakovljevic, Mihajlo BJavanbakht, MehdiJayatilleke, Achala UpendraJeemon, PanniyammakalJensen, Paul NJha, VivekanandJin, YeJohn, DennyJohn, OommenJohnson, Sarah CharlotteJonas, Jost BJürisson, MikkKabir, ZubairKadel, RajendraKahsay, AmahaKalkonde, YogeshwarKamal, RitulKan, HaidongKarch, AndréKarema, Corine KakiziKarimi, Seyed MKarthikeyan, GanesanKasaeian, AmirKassaw, Nigussie AssefaKassebaum, Nicholas JKastor, AnshulKatikireddi, Srinivasa VittalKaul, AnilKawakami, NoritoKazanjan, KonstantinKeiyoro, Peter NjengaKelbore, Sefonias GetachewKemp, Andrew HaddonKengne, Andre PascalKeren, AndreKereselidze, MaiaKesavachandran, Chandrasekharan NairKetema, Ezra BelayKhader, Yousef SalehKhalil, Ibrahim AKhan, Ejaz AhmadKhan, GulfarazKhang, Young-HoKhera, SahilKhoja, Abdullah Tawfih AbdullahKhosravi, Mohammad HosseinKibret, Getiye DejenuKieling, ChristianKim, Yun JinKim, Cho-ilKim, DanielKim, PaulineKim, SungroulKimokoti, Ruth WKinfu, YohannesKishawi, SamiKissoon, NiranjanKivimaki, MikaKnudsen, Ann KristinKokubo, YoshihiroKopec, Jacek AKosen, SoewartaKoul, Parvaiz AKoyanagi, AiKravchenko, MichaelKrohn, Kristopher JKuate Defo, BarthelemyKuipers, Ernst JKulikoff, Xie RachelKulkarni, Veena SKumar, G AnilKumar, PushpendraKumsa, Fekede AsefaKutz, MichaelLachat, CarlLagat, Abraham KLager, Anton Carl JonasLal, Dharmesh KumarLalloo, RatilalLambert, NkurunzizaLan, QingLansingh, Van CLarson, Heidi JLarsson, AndersLaryea, Dennis OdaiLavados, Pablo MLaxmaiah, AvulaLee, Paul HLeigh, JamesLeung, JanniLeung, RickyLevi, MiriamLi, YongmeiLiao, YuLiben, Misgan LegesseLim, Stephen SLinn, ShaiLipshultz, Steven ELiu, ShiweiLodha, RakeshLogroscino, GiancarloLorch, Scott ALorkowski, StefanLotufo, Paulo ALozano, RafaelLunevicius, RaimundasLyons, Ronan AMa, StefanMacarayan, Erlyn RachelleKingMachado, Isis EloahMackay, Mark TMagdy Abd El Razek, MohammedMagis-Rodriguez, CarlosMahdavi, MahdiMajdan, MarekMajdzadeh, RezaMajeed, AzeemMalekzadeh, RezaMalhotra, RajeshMalta, Deborah CarvalhoMantovani, Lorenzo GManyazewal, TsegahunMapoma, Chabila CMarczak, Laurie BMarks, Guy BMartin, Elena AlvarezMartinez-Raga, JoseMartins-Melo, Francisco RogerlândioMassano, JoãoMaulik, Pallab KMayosi, Bongani MMazidi, MohsenMcAlinden, ColmMcGarvey, Stephen TheodoreMcGrath, John JMcKee, MartinMehata, SureshMehndiratta, Man MohanMehta, Kala MMeier, ToniMekonnen, Tefera ChaneMeles, Kidanu GebremariamMemiah, PeterMemish, Ziad AMendoza, WalterMengesha, Melkamu MeridMengistie, Mubarek AberaMengistu, Desalegn TadeseMenon, Geetha RMenota, Bereket GebremichaelMensah, George AMeretoja, Tuomo JMeretoja, AtteMezgebe, Haftay BerhaneMicha, RenataMikesell, JosephMiller, Ted RMills, Edward JMinnig, ShawnMirarefin, MojdeMirrakhimov, Erkin MMisganaw, AwokeMishra, Shiva RajMohammad, Karzan AbdulmuhsinMohammadi, AlirezaMohammed, Kedir EndrisMohammed, ShafiuMohan, Murali B VMohanty, Sanjay KMokdad, Ali HMollenkopf, Sarah KMolokhia, MariamMonasta, LorenzoMontañez Hernandez, Julio CesarMontico, MarcellaMooney, Meghan DMoore, Ami RMoradi-Lakeh, MaziarMoraga, PaulaMorawska, LidiaMori, RintaroMorrison, Shane DMruts, Kalayu BirhaneMueller, Ulrich OMullany, ErinMuller, KateMurthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata SatyanarayanaMurthy, SrinivasMusa, Kamarul ImranNachega, Jean BNagata, ChieNagel, GabrieleNaghavi, MohsenNaidoo, Kovin SNanda, LipikaNangia, VinayNascimento, Bruno RamosNatarajan, GopalakrishnanNegoi, IonutNguyen, Cuong TatNguyen, Quyen LeNguyen, Trang HuyenNguyen, GrantNingrum, Dina Nur AnggrainiNisar, Muhammad ImranNomura, MarikaNong, Vuong MinhNorheim, Ole FNorrving, BoNoubiap, Jean Jacques NNyakarahuka, LukeO'Donnell, Martin JObermeyer, Carla MakhloufOgbo, Felix AkpojeneOh, In-HwanOkoro, AnselmOladimeji, OlanrewajuOlagunju, Andrew ToyinOlusanya, Bolajoko OlubukunolaOlusanya, Jacob OlusegunOren, EyalOrtiz, AlbertoOsgood-Zimmerman, AaronOta, ErikaOwolabi, Mayowa OOyekale, Abayomi SamuelPA, MaheshPacella, Rosana EPakhale, SmitaPana, AdrianPanda, Basant KumarPanda-Jonas, SonghomitraPark, Eun-KeeParsaeian, MahboubehPatel, TejasPatten, Scott BPatton, George CPaudel, DeepakPereira, David MPerez-Padilla, RogelioPerez-Ruiz, FernandoPerico, NorbertoPervaiz, AslamPesudovs, KonradPeterson, Carrie BethPetri, William ArthurPetzold, MaxPhillips, Michael RobertPiel, Frédéric BPigott, David MPishgar, FarhadPlass, DietrichPolinder, SuzannePopova, SvetlanaPostma, Maarten JPoulton, Richie GPourmalek, FarshadPrasad, NarayanPurwar, ManoramaQorbani, MostafaQuintanilla, Beatriz Paulina AyalaRabiee, Rynaz H SRadfar, AmirRafay, AnwarRahimi-Movaghar, AfarinRahimi-Movaghar, VafaRahman, Mohammad Hifz UrRahman, Sajjad UrRahman, MahfuzarRai, Rajesh KumarRajsic, SasaRam, UshaRana, Saleem MRanabhat, Chhabi LalRao, Paturi VishnupriyaRawaf, SalmanRay, Sarah ERego, Maria Albertina SantiagoRehm, JürgenReiner, Robert CRemuzzi, GiuseppeRenzaho, Andre M NResnikoff, SergeRezaei, SatarRezai, Mohammad SadeghRibeiro, Antonio LRivas, Jacqueline CastilloRokni, Mohammad BagherRonfani, LucaRoshandel, GholamrezaRoth, Gregory ARothenbacher, DietrichRoy, AmbujRubagotti, EnricoRuhago, George MugambageSaadat, SoheilSabde, Yogesh DamodarSachdev, Perminder SSadat, NafisSafdarian, MahdiSafi, SareSafiri, SaeidSagar, RajeshSahathevan, RameshSahebkar, AmirhosseinSahraian, Mohammad AliSalama, JosephSalamati, PaymanSalomon, Joshua ASalvi, Sundeep SantoshSamy, Abdallah MSanabria, Juan RamonSanchez-Niño, Maria DoloresSantos, Itamar SSantric Milicevic, Milena MSarmiento-Suarez, RodrigoSartorius, BennSatpathy, MaheswarSawhney, MonikaSaxena, SoniaSaylan, Mete ISchmidt, Maria InêsSchneider, Ione J CSchulhofer-Wohl, SamSchutte, Aletta ESchwebel, David CSchwendicke, FalkSeedat, SorayaSeid, Abdulbasit MusaSepanlou, Sadaf GServan-Mori, Edson EShackelford, Katya AnneShaheen, AmiraShahraz, SaeidShaikh, Masood AliShamsipour, MansourShamsizadeh, MortezaSharma, JayendraSharma, RajeshShe, JunShen, JiabinShetty, Balakrishna PShi, PeilinShibuya, KenjiShifa, Girma TemamShigematsu, MikaShiri, RahmanShiue, IvyShrime, Mark GSigfúsdóttir, Inga DóraSilberberg, Donald HSilpakit, NarisSilva, Diego Augusto SantosSilva, João PedroSilveira, Dayane Gabriele AlvesSindi, ShireenSingh, Jasvinder ASingh, Prashant KumarSingh, AbhishekSingh, VirendraSinha, Dhirendra NarainSkarbek, Katarzyna A Kissimova-Skiadaresi, EiriniSligar, AmberSmith, David LSobaih, Badr H ASobngwi, EugeneSoneji, SamirSoriano, Joan BSreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar TSrinivasan, VinayStathopoulou, VasilikiSteel, NicholasStein, Dan JSteiner, CaitlynStöckl, HeidiStokes, Mark AndrewStrong, MarkSufiyan, Muawiyyah BabaleSuliankatchi, Rizwan AbdulkaderSunguya, Bruno FSur, Patrick JSwaminathan, SoumyaSykes, Bryan LSzoeke, Cassandra E ITabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelTadakamadla, Santosh KumarTadese, FentawTandon, NikhilTanne, DavidTarajia, MusharafTavakkoli, MohammadTaveira, NunoTehrani-Banihashemi, ArashTekelab, TesfalidetTekle, Dejen YemaneTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTerkawi, Abdullah SuliemanTesema, Cheru LeshargieTesssema, BelayTheis, AndrewThomas, NihalThompson, Alex HThomson, Alan JThrift, Amanda GTiruye, Tenaw YimerTobe-Gai, RuoyanTonelli, MarcelloTopor-Madry, RomanTopouzis, FotisTortajada, MiguelTran, Bach XuanTruelsen, ThomasTrujillo, UlisesTsilimparis, NikolaosTuem, Kald BeshirTuzcu, Emin MuratTyrovolas, StefanosUkwaja, Kingsley NnannaUndurraga, Eduardo AUthman, Olalekan AUzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudivan Boven, Job F MVarakin, Yuri YVarughese, SantoshVasankari, TommiVasconcelos, Ana Maria NogalesVelasquez, Ilais MorenoVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyVidavalur, RameshViolante, Francesco SVishnu, AbhishekVladimirov, Sergey KVlassov, Vasiliy VictorovichVollset, Stein EmilVos, TheoWaid, Jillian LWakayo, TolassaWang, Yuan-PangWeichenthal, ScottWeiderpass, ElisabeteWeintraub, Robert GWerdecker, AndreaWesana, JoshuaWijeratne, TissaWilkinson, James DWiysonge, Charles SheyWoldeyes, Belete GetahunWolfe, Charles D AWorkicho, AbdulhalikWorkie, Shimelash BitewXavier, DenisXu, GelinYaghoubi, MohsenYakob, BereketYalew, Ayalnesh ZemeneYan, Lijing LYano, YuichiroYaseri, MehdiYe, PengpengYimam, Hassen HamidYip, PaulYirsaw, Biruck DesalegnYonemoto, NaohiroYoon, Seok-JunYotebieng, MarcelYounis, Mustafa ZZaidi, ZoubidaZaki, Maysaa El SayedZeeb, HajoZenebe, Zerihun MenlkalewZerfu, Taddese AlemuZhang, Anthony LinZhang, XueyingZodpey, SanjayZuhlke, Liesl JoannaLopez, Alan DMurray, Christopher J L2020-02-242020-02-242017-09-16Wang, H., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Adedeji, I. A., Adedoyin, R. A., Adetifa, I. M. O., Adetokunboh, O., Afshin, A., Aggarwal, R., Agrawal, A., Agrawal, S., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., … Murray, C. J. L. (2017). Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 390(10100), 1084–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-00140-67361474-547X (eISSN)https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1547Correction in: Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled.1084-1150eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessWorld healthSocioeconomic FactorsEpidemiologyWomenMenOlder peopleInfantsChildrenAge distributionMortalityLife ExpectancyStillbirthFertilityEducational statusIncomeHIV infectionsHeilsufarÞjóðirFélagshagfræðiFaraldsfræðiTölfræðiStaðtölurKonurKarlarAldraðirUngbörnBörnAldurshóparDánartíðniBarnadauðiBurðarmálsdauðiDánarmeinAlnæmiLífslíkurFæðingartíðniFrjósemiMenntunTekjurSálfræðiPsychologyGlobal burden of disease/statistics and numerical dataCause of death/trendsChild mortalityBirth rateinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleThe Lancet10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-0