Háskólinn í ReykjavíkReykjavik UniversityFeigin, Valery LNichols, EmmaAlam, TahiyaBannick, Marlena SBeghi, EttoreBlake, NatachaCulpepper, William JDorsey, E RayElbaz, AlexisEllenbogen, Richard GFisher, James LFitzmaurice, ChristinaGiussani, GiorgiaGlennie, LindaJames, Spencer LJohnson, Catherine OwensKassebaum, Nicholas JLogroscino, GiancarloMarin, BenoîtMountjoy-Venning, W CliffNguyen, MinhOfori-Asenso, RichardPatel, Anoop PPiccininni, MarcoRoth, Gregory ASteiner, Timothy JStovner, Lars JacobSzoeke, Cassandra E ITheadom, AliceVollset, Stein EmilWallin, Mitchell TaylorWright, ClaireZunt, Joseph RaymondAbbasi, NooshinAbd-Allah, FoadAbdelalim, AhmedAbdollahpour, IbrahimAboyans, VictorAbraha, Haftom NiguseAcharya, DilaramAdamu, Abdu AAdebayo, Oladimeji MAdeoye, Abiodun MoshoodAdsuar, Jose CAfarideh, MohsenAgrawal, SutapaAhmadi, AlirezaAhmed, Muktar BeshirAichour, Amani NidhalAichour, IbtihelAichour, Miloud Taki EddineAkinyemi, Rufus OlusolaAkseer, NadiaAl-Eyadhy, AymanAl-Shahi Salman, RustamAlahdab, FaresAlene, Kefyalew AddisAljunid, Syed MohamedAltirkawi, KhalidAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAnber, Nahla HamedAntonio, Carl Abelardo TArabloo, JalalAremu, OlatundeÄrnlöv, JohanAsayesh, HamidAsghar, Rana JawadAtalay, Hagos TasewAwasthi, AshishAyala Quintanilla, Beatriz PaulinaAyuk, Tambe BBadawi, AlaaBanach, MaciejBanoub, Joseph Adel MattarBarboza, Miguel ABarker-Collo, Suzanne LynBärnighausen, Till WinfriedBaune, Bernhard TBedi, NeerajBehzadifar, MasoudBehzadifar, MeysamBéjot, YannickBekele, Bayu BegashawBelachew, Abate BekeleBennett, Derrick ABensenor, Isabela MBerhane, AdugnawBeuran, MirceaBhattacharyya, KrittikaBhutta, Zulfiqar ABiadgo, BeleteBijani, AliBililign, NigusBin Sayeed, Muhammad ShahdaatBlazes, Christopher KynrintBrayne, CarolButt, Zahid ACampos-Nonato, Ismael RCantu-Brito, CarlosCar, MateCárdenas, RosarioCarrero, Juan JCarvalho, FélixCastañeda-Orjuela, Carlos ACastro, FranzCatalá-López, FerránCerin, EsterChaiah, YazanChang, Jung-ChenChatziralli, IriniChiang, Peggy Pei-ChiaChristensen, HanneChristopher, Devasahayam JCooper, CyrusCortesi, Paolo AngeloCosta, Vera MCriqui, Michael HCrowe, Christopher StephenDamasceno, Albertino Antonio MouraDaryani, AhmadDe la Cruz-Góngora, VanessaDe la Hoz, Fernando PioDe Leo, DiegoDemoz, Gebre TeklemariamDeribe, KebedeDharmaratne, Samath DhammindaDiaz, DanielDinberu, Mesfin TadeseDjalalinia, ShirinDoku, David TeyeDubey, ManishaDubljanin, EleonoraDuken, Eyasu EjetaEdvardsson, DavidEl-Khatib, ZiadEndres, MatthiasEndries, Aman YesufEskandarieh, ShararehEsteghamati, AlirezaEsteghamati, SadafFarhadi, FarzanehFaro, AndreFarzadfar, FarshadFarzaei, Mohammad HoseinFatima, BatoolFereshtehnejad, Seyed-MohammadFernandes, EduardaFeyissa, Garumma ToluFilip, IrinaFischer, FlorianFukumoto, TakeshiGanji, MorsalehGankpe, Fortune GbetohoGarcia-Gordillo, Miguel AGebre, Abadi KahsuGebremichael, Teklu GebrehiwoGelaw, Belayneh KGeleijnse, Johanna MGeremew, DemekeGezae, Kebede EmbayeGhasemi-Kasman, MaryamGidey, Mahari YGill, Paramjit SinghGill, Tiffany KGirma, Efrata TufaGnedovskaya, Elena VGoulart, Alessandra CGrada, AymanGrosso, GiuseppeGuo, YumingGupta, RahulGupta, RajeevHaagsma, Juanita AHagos, Tekleberhan BHaj-Mirzaian, ArvinHaj-Mirzaian, AryaHamadeh, Randah RHamidi, SamerHankey, Graeme JHao, YuantaoHaro, Josep MariaHassankhani, HadiHassen, Hamid YimamHavmoeller, RasmusHay, Simon IHegazy, Mohamed IHeidari, BehnamHenok, AndualemHeydarpour, FatemehHoang, Chi LinhHole, Michael KHomaie Rad, EnayatollahHosseini, Seyed MostafaHu, GuoqingIgumbor, Ehimario UIlesanmi, Olayinka StephenIrvani, Seyed Sina NaghibiIslam, Sheikh Mohammed SharifulJakovljevic, MihajloJavanbakht, MehdiJha, Ravi PrakashJobanputra, Yash BJonas, Jost BJozwiak, Jacek JerzyJürisson, MikkKahsay, AmahaKalani, RizwanKalkonde, YogeshwarKamil, Teshome AbegazKanchan, TanujKarami, ManoochehrKarch, AndréKarimi, NargesKasaeian, AmirKassa, Tesfaye DessaleKassa, Zemenu YohannesKaul, AnilKefale, Adane TeshomeKeiyoro, Peter NjengaKhader, Yousef SalehKhafaie, Morteza AbdullatifKhalil, Ibrahim AKhan, Ejaz AhmadKhang, Young-HoKhazaie, HabibolahKiadaliri, Aliasghar AKiirithio, Daniel NKim, Anthony SKim, DanielKim, Young-EunKim, Yun JinKisa, AdnanKokubo, YoshihiroKoyanagi, AiKrishnamurthi, Rita VKuate Defo, BarthelemyKucuk Bicer, BurcuKumar, ManasiLacey, BenLafranconi, AlessandraLansingh, Van CLatifi, ArmanLeshargie, Cheru TesemaLi, ShanshanLiao, YuLinn, ShaiLo, Warren DavidLopez, Jaifred Christian FLorkowski, StefanLotufo, Paulo ALucas, Robyn MLunevicius, RaimundasMackay, Mark TMahotra, Narayan BahadurMajdan, MarekMajdzadeh, RezaMajeed, AzeemMalekzadeh, RezaMalta, Deborah CarvalhoManafi, NavidMansournia, Mohammad AliMantovani, Lorenzo GiovanniMärz, WinfriedMashamba-Thompson, Tivani PhosaMassenburg, Benjamin BallardMate, Kedar K VMcAlinden, ColmMcGrath, John JMehta, VarshilMeier, ToniMeles, Hagazi GebreMelese, AddisuMemiah, Peter T NMemish, Ziad AMendoza, WalterMengistu, Desalegn TadeseMengistu, GetnetMeretoja, AtteMeretoja, Tuomo JMestrovic, TomislavMiazgowski, BartoszMiazgowski, TomaszMiller, Ted RMini, GKMirrakhimov, Erkin MMoazen, BabakMohajer, BahramMohammad Gholi Mezerji, NaserMohammadi, MoslemMohammadi-Khanaposhtani, MaryamMohammadibakhsh, RoghayehMohammadnia-Afrouzi, MousaMohammed, ShafiuMohebi, FarnamMokdad, Ali HMonasta, LorenzoMondello, StefaniaMoodley, YoshanMoosazadeh, MahmoodMoradi, GhobadMoradi-Lakeh, MaziarMoradinazar, MehdiMoraga, PaulaMoreno Velásquez, IlaisMorrison, Shane DouglasMousavi, Seyyed MeysamMuhammed, Oumer SadaMuruet, WalterMusa, Kamarul ImranMustafa, GhulamNaderi, MehdiNagel, GabrieleNaheed, AliyaNaik, GurudattaNajafi, FaridNangia, VinayNegoi, IonutNegoi, Ruxandra IrinaNewton, Charles Richard JamesNgunjiri, Josephine WNguyen, Cuong TatNguyen, Long HoangNingrum, Dina Nur AnggrainiNirayo, Yirga LegesseNixon, Molly RNorrving, BoNoubiap, Jean JacquesNourollahpour Shiadeh, MaliheNyasulu, Peter SOgah, Okechukwu SamuelOh, In-HwanOlagunju, Andrew TOlagunju, Tinuke OOlivares, Pedro ROnwujekwe, Obinna EOren, EyalOwolabi, Mayowa OjoPA, MaheshPakpour, Amir HPan, Wen-HarnPanda-Jonas, SonghomitraPandian, Jeyaraj DuraiPatel, Sangram KishorPereira, David MPetzold, MaxPillay, Julian DavidPiradov, Michael APolanczyk, Guilherme VPolinder, SuzannePostma, Maarten JPoulton, RichiePoustchi, HosseinPrakash, SwayamPrakash, VQorbani, MostafaRadfar, AmirRafay, AnwarRafiei, AlirezaRahim, FakherRahimi-Movaghar, VafaRahman, MahfuzarRahman, Mohammad Hifz UrRahman, Muhammad AzizRajati, FatemehRam, UshaRanta, AnnaRawaf, David LaithRawaf, SalmanReinig, NickolasReis, CesarRenzaho, Andre M NResnikoff, SergeRezaeian, ShahabRezai, Mohammad SadeghRios González, Carlos MiguelRoberts, Nicholas L SRoever, LeonardoRonfani, LucaRoro, Elias MerdassaRoshandel, GholamrezaRostami, AliSabbagh, ParisaSacco, Ralph LSachdev, Perminder SSaddik, BasemaSafari, HoseinSafari-Faramani, RoyaSafi, SareSafiri, SaeidSagar, RajeshSahathevan, RameshSahebkar, AmirhosseinSahraian, Mohammad AliSalamati, PaymanSalehi Zahabi, SalehSalimi, YahyaSamy, Abdallah MSanabria, JuanSantos, Itamar SSantric Milicevic, Milena MSarrafzadegan, NizalSartorius, BennSarvi, ShahabeddinSathian, BrijeshSatpathy, MaheswarSawant, Arundhati RSawhney, MonikaSchneider, Ione J CSchöttker, BenSchwebel, David CSeedat, SorayaSepanlou, Sadaf GShabaninejad, HoseinShafieesabet, AzadehShaikh, Masood AliShakir, Raad AShams-Beyranvand, MehranShamsizadeh, MortezaSharif, MehdiSharif-Alhoseini, MahdiShe, JunSheikh, AzizSheth, Kevin NShigematsu, MikaShiri, RahmanShirkoohi, RezaShiue, IvySiabani, SorayaSiddiqi, Tariq JSigfúsdóttir, Inga DóraSigurvinsdottir, RannveigSilberberg, Donald HSilva, João PedroSilveira, Dayane Gabriele AlvesSingh, Jasvinder ASinha, Dhirendra NarainSkiadaresi, EiriniSmith, MariSobaih, Badr HasanSobhani, SoheilaSoofi, MoslemSoyiri, Ireneous NSposato, Luciano AStein, Dan JStein, Murray BStokes, Mark ASufiyan, Mu'awiyyah BabaleSykes, Bryan LSylaja, PNTabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelTe Ao, Braden JamesTehrani-Banihashemi, ArashTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTemsah, OmarThakur, Jarnail SinghThrift, Amanda GTopor-Madry, RomanTortajada-Girbés, MiguelTovani-Palone, Marcos RobertoTran, Bach XuanTran, Khanh BaoTruelsen, Thomas ClementTsadik, Afewerki GebremeskelTudor Car, LorainneUkwaja, Kingsley NnannaUllah, IrfanUsman, Muhammad ShariqUthman, Olalekan AValdez, Pascual RVasankari, Tommi JuhaniVasanthan, RajagopalanVeisani, YousefVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyViolante, Francesco SVlassov, VasilyVosoughi, KiaVu, Giang ThuVujcic, Isidora SWagnew, Fasil ShiferawWaheed, YasirWang, Yuan-PangWeiderpass, ElisabeteWeiss, JordanWhiteford, Harvey AWijeratne, TissaWinkler, Andrea SylviaWiysonge, Charles SheyWolfe, Charles D AXu, GelinYadollahpour, AliYamada, TomohideYano, YuichiroYaseri, MehdiYatsuya, HiroshiYimer, Ebrahim MYip, PaulYisma, EngidaYonemoto, NaohiroYousefifard, MahmoudYu, ChuanhuaZaidi, ZoubidaZaman, Sojib BinZamani, MohammadZandian, HamedZare, ZohrehZhang, YunquanZodpey, SanjayNaghavi, MohsenMurray, Christopher J LVos, Theo2020-04-272020-04-272019-05Feigin, V. L., Nichols, E., Alam, T., Bannick, M. S., Beghi, E., Blake, N., Culpepper, W. J., Dorsey, E. R., Elbaz, A., Ellenbogen, R. G., Fisher, J. L., Fitzmaurice, C., Giussani, G., Glennie, L., James, S. L., Johnson, C. O., Kassebaum, N. J., Logroscino, G., Marin, B., … Vos, T. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 18(5), 459–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X1474-44221474-4465 (eISSN)https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1749Publisher´s version (útgefin grein).Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.459-480eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessClinical NeurologyWorld healthPublic healthNervous systemDiseasesEpidemiologyMortalityQuality of lifeMenWomenTaugavísindiLýðheilsaTaugasjúkdómarFaraldsfræðiDánarmeinDánartíðniLífsgæðiKarlarKonurSálfræðiPsychologyGlobal burden of diseaseCause of death/trendsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleThe Lancet Neurology10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X