Einarsdóttir, Jóhanna T.Hermannsdóttir, BrynjaCrowe, Kathryn2025-11-202025-11-202024-06Einarsdóttir, J T, Hermannsdóttir, B & Crowe, K 2024, 'A prospective 14-year follow-up study of the persistence and recovery of stuttering', Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 80, 106058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.1060580094-730X2271465912170ad4f-58c8-436c-9c4e-6f0a752a1f0a8519076160238636390https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/7565Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The AuthorsPurpose: To document the trajectory of early childhood stuttering longitudinally for 14. years with a consideration on the features of overt and covert stuttering related to recovery status. Method: Thirty-eight participants were observed longitudinally at three different time points: early childhood (Occasion 1), middle childhood (Occasion 2), and late adolescence (Occasion 3). Data collection involved speech samples and reports of stuttering experiences. Recovery on Occasion 3 was estimated through analysis of speech samples, parent and expert judgments, and self- judgement. Two categories of persistence were used: persistent-subjective (no observable stuttering) and persistent-objective (observable stuttering). Results: The recovery rate was 65.6 %. The majority of the participants showed minimal disfluent speech with 88 % showing less than 1 % syllables stuttered and 97 % showing less than 3 % syllables stuttered in the collected speech samples. All participants classified as persistent reported covert symptoms of stuttering. No relapses in recovery were observed between Occasion 2 and Occasion 3. Late recovery was only observed for those classified as persistent-subjective on Occasion 2. About 64 % of the participants showing observable stuttering (persistent-objective) on Occasion 2 showed no observable stuttering (persistent-subjective) on Occasion 3. Conclusions: Children continue to recover from early childhood stuttering as they age.The inclusion of self-reports adds to the understanding of recovery especially concerning the covert stuttering behaviours.1337770eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessCovert stutteringLongitudinalOvert stutteringPersistenceRecoveryStutteringExperimental and Cognitive PsychologyLanguage and LinguisticsLinguistics and LanguageCognitive NeuroscienceSpeech and HearingLPN and LVN/dk/atira/pure/researchoutput/researchoutputtypes/contributiontojournal/article10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106058